학술논문
Development of the photo-diode subsystem for the HERD calorimeter double-readout
Document Type
Working Paper
Author
Adriani, O.; Antonelli, M.; Basti, A.; Berti, E.; Betti, P.; Bigongiari, G.; Bonechi, L.; Bongi, M.; Bonvicini, V.; Bottai, S.; Brogi, P.; Castellini, G.; Checchia, C.; Casaus, J.; Cui, X.; Dong, Y.; D'Alessandro, R.; Detti, S.; Giovacchini, F.; Finetti, N.; Maestro, P.; Marrocchesi, P. S.; Liu, X.; Marin, J.; Martinez, G.; Mori, N.; Pacini, L.; Papini, P.; Pizzolotto, C.; Ricciarini, S.; Spillantini, P.; Starodubtsev, O.; Stiaccini, L.; Tang, Z.; Tiberio, A.; Vannuccini, E.; Velasco, M.; Wang, R.; Wang, Z.; Xu, M.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N.; Zhang, L.
Source
JINST 17 P09002 (2022)
Subject
Language
Abstract
The measurement of cosmic-ray individual spectra provides unique information regarding the origin and propagation of astro-particles. Due to the limited acceptance of current space experiments, protons and nuclei around the "knee" region ($\sim1\ PeV$) can only be observed by ground based experiments. Thanks to an innovative design, the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility will allow direct observation up to this energy region: the instrument is mainly based on a 3D segmented, isotropic and homogeneous calorimeter which properly measures the energy of particles coming from each direction and it will be made of about 7500 LYSO cubic crystals. The read-out of the scintillation light is done with two independent systems: the first one based on wave-length shifting fibers coupled to Intensified scientific CMOS cameras, the second one is made of two photo-diodes with different active areas connected to a custom front-end electronics. This photo-diode system is designed to achieve a huge dynamic range, larger than $10^7$, while having a small power consumption, few mW per channel. Thanks to a good signal-to-noise ratio, the capability of a proper calibration, by using signals of both non-interacting and showering particles, is also guaranteed. In this paper, the current design and the performance obtained by several tests of the photo-diode read-out system are discussed.