부산대학교 도서관

The Summary of the Essential Points of the Mahāyāna Sūtras (Dasheng jing zuan yaoyi, 822 CE; hereafter SEPMS) promulgated by the king of Tibet Khri gtsug lde btsan (r. 815-838) is the most important official Buddhist outline following the Second Edict (bKa' gtsigs gnyis pa, 779 CE), which was promoted by king Khri srong lde btsan (r. 755-797). These two doctrinal treatises can be regarded as textual coordinates of the movement to promote Buddhism in the Tibetan Empire. Since the 1930s, scholars have discovered four Chinese versions of the SEPMS in the manuscripts from Dunhuang, but no Tibetan ones. Fortunately, I have recently identified five Tibetan manuscripts of the SEPMS within the Dunhuang manuscripts, providing me with the opportunity to renew the philological study on the SEPMS and related textual variants following a long period of silence concerning the topic since the research of Daishun Ueyama. Based on a comparative study of the Tibetan and Chinese texts of the SEPMS, this discovery can serve as a bridge that connects doctrine with a more in-depth and extensive textual comparison. Furthermore, it is worth noting that several points can be verified by examining the SEPMS with its textual variants, such as the related treatises (bstan bcos) written by the Tibetan translators sNa nam Ye shes sde (Nanang Zhijun, ca. 8th-9th century) and 'Gos Chos grub (Wu Facheng, ?-859), as well as the Tibetan doxographical (grub mtha') and Chan Buddhist documents from Dunhuang. This study mainly puts forward the following two new viewpoints: 1) The SEPMS essentially borrows from the theories of Satyadvaya (bDen pa gnyis) and Triyāna (Theg pa gsum) as its core concepts as well as the thought of Sautrāntika-Madhyamaka (mDo sde spyod pa'i dbu ma) as its ultimate purport, almost entirely comprising the doctrine of the exoteric Mahāyāna which had been officially recognized by the Tibetan court. 2) Based on the doxography of the 'Three Schools of Mahāyāna' ('Dasheng san zong') disseminated from the Chinese scholar Tankuang (ca. 8th century) to the Tibetan translator sNa nam Ye shes sde, the editors of the SEPMS conceived Sautrāntika-Madhyamaka, a product of the close interaction between Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism during the period of the Tibetan Empire. The conception and development of the view of Madhyamaka (dBu ma), especially Sautrāntika-Madhyamaka, was a basic characteristic of the exoteric Mahāyāna during the Early Propagation (sNga dar) and onset of the Later Propagation (Phyi dar) of Tibetan Buddhism. The promulgation and influence of the SEPMS thus reflects the external constraining forces and an internal consciousness of the development of the exoteric Mahāyāna in the Tibetan Empire, as well as the historical continuity and doctrinal uniformity of the traditions of Madhyamaka in early Tibet (8th-11th centuries).