부산대학교 도서관

South Africa is the most industrialised country in southern Africa with approximately 1.1 Tg of sulphur emitted from anthropogenic activities per annum. Complex circulation patterns and highly stable vertical atmospheric conditions promote the accumulation of pollutants below 700 hPa or 3000 m asl. A remote site in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, Ben Macdhui (30.5°S 27.9°E, 3001m) was selected for testing the hypothesis that industrial emissions, specifically sulphate, are transported over thousands of kilometres in anticyclonic type patterns of flow and exported from the subcontinent towards the Indian Ocean at about 30°S. Time resolved particulate sampling (streaker) was conducted between June 1995 and January 1997. To characterise the industrial aerosol signal, two intensive sampling campaigns (summer and winter) were undertaken in 1996. Aerosol samples were collected by a streaker sampler and an open-faced stacked filter unit (SFU). Samples were PIXE analysed to obtain elemental concentrations. The industrial signature detected at Ben Macdhui was characterised by elevated concentration of sulphur and iron in the fine fraction and fine sulphur detected in the coarse mode. Other sources identified from the elemental data were soil (Al, Si, Ca, Mg, K, S, Mn), biomass burning (fine K) and marine (Cl, Ca, Mg, S and coarse K). These four sources accounted for approximately 70% of the total detected elemental mass. Major individual contributions came from the crustal (53%) and industrial components (21%). Air parcel trajectory analyses confirmed that peak episodes of enhanced aerosol sulphur were related to transport from the industrial Highveld region of South Africa and conversely that clean air masses originated over the southern oceans.