학술논문
Impact of the Revised European Tobacco Product Directive on the Quality of E-cigarette Refill Liquids in Belgium.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Barhdadi S; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Faculty of Medicines and Pharmacy, Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.; Moens G; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Canfyn M; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Vanhee C; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Desmedt B; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Courselle P; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.; Rogiers V; Faculty of Medicines and Pharmacy, Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.; Vanhaecke T; Faculty of Medicines and Pharmacy, Department In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.; Deconinck E; Medicines and Health Products, Scientific Direction of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
Source
Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9815751 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1469-994X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14622203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nicotine Tob Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Introduction: Since its introduction, the e-cigarette has become a commonly used consumer product. In this study, we investigate whether regulatory changes had an impact on the quality of refill liquids (e-liquids) available on the Belgian market through analysis of their chemical composition. Hence, the nicotine concentration accuracy was investigated in samples before, during and after the implementation of the revised Tobacco Product Directive (TPD) as an indicator of good manufacturing practices. This is, however, not enough to assure the quality. Therefore, extra criteria were also assessed based on TPD requirements.
Methods: By using in-house validated methods, a total of 246 e-liquids purchased prior (2013-2015), during (2016) and after (2017-2018) the implementation of the TPD revisions, were analyzed for the presence of nicotine, nicotine-related impurities, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), caffeine and taurine, and the flavors diacetyl and acetylpropionyl.
Results: Although not all manufacturers managed to produce and label their products accurately, nicotine labeling discrepancies have decreased over time. Moreover, also the number of e-liquids, containing high-risk VOCs (10% in 2016 vs. none of the samples in 2017-2018), caffeine (16% in 2017 vs. 5% in 2018), and diacetyl and acetylpropionyl (50% in 2017 vs. 27% in 2018 of sweet-flavored samples) diminished over time.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the overall quality of the e-liquids has improved after the implementation of the revised TPD. However, the results also show that periodic quality control might be required to ensure further compliance to the TPD.
Implications: This study clearly demonstrates that the implementation of the revised TPD has improved the quality of the e-liquids on the Belgian market. However, there are still e-liquids that are not in agreement with the TPD due to nicotine concentration label discrepancies, presence of e-liquid impurities and controversial flavors diacetyl and acetylpropionyl or the additive caffeine.
(© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Methods: By using in-house validated methods, a total of 246 e-liquids purchased prior (2013-2015), during (2016) and after (2017-2018) the implementation of the TPD revisions, were analyzed for the presence of nicotine, nicotine-related impurities, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), caffeine and taurine, and the flavors diacetyl and acetylpropionyl.
Results: Although not all manufacturers managed to produce and label their products accurately, nicotine labeling discrepancies have decreased over time. Moreover, also the number of e-liquids, containing high-risk VOCs (10% in 2016 vs. none of the samples in 2017-2018), caffeine (16% in 2017 vs. 5% in 2018), and diacetyl and acetylpropionyl (50% in 2017 vs. 27% in 2018 of sweet-flavored samples) diminished over time.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the overall quality of the e-liquids has improved after the implementation of the revised TPD. However, the results also show that periodic quality control might be required to ensure further compliance to the TPD.
Implications: This study clearly demonstrates that the implementation of the revised TPD has improved the quality of the e-liquids on the Belgian market. However, there are still e-liquids that are not in agreement with the TPD due to nicotine concentration label discrepancies, presence of e-liquid impurities and controversial flavors diacetyl and acetylpropionyl or the additive caffeine.
(© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)