학술논문

Childhood adversities and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
McLaughlin KA; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA mclaughk@uw.edu.; Koenen KC; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Bromet EJ; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Karam EG; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Liu H; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Petukhova M; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Ruscio AM; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Sampson NA; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Stein DJ; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Aguilar-Gaxiola S; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Alonso J; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Borges G; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Demyttenaere K; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Dinolova RV; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Ferry F; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Florescu S; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; de Girolamo G; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Gureje O; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Kawakami N; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Lee S; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Navarro-Mateu F; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Piazza M; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Pennell BE; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Posada-Villa J; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Ten Have M; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Viana MC; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.; Kessler RC; Katie A. McLaughlin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Karestan C. Koenen, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Evelyn J. Bromet, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Elie G. Karam, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut and Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon; Howard Liu, SM, Maria Petukhova, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Ayelet Meron Ruscio, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Nancy A. Sampson, BA, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa; Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, MD, PhD, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA; Jordi Alonso, MD, DrPH, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Pare de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Guilherme Borges, DrSc, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Mexico; Koen Demytteraere, MD, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Rumyana V. Dinolova, MD, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria; Finola Ferry, PhD, Bamford Centre for Mental Health and wellbeing, ulster University, Coleraine, UK; Silvia Florescu, MD, PhD, National School of Public Health, Management and Development, Bucharest, Romania; Giovanni de Girolamo, MD, Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy; Oye Gureje, MD, PhD, FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Norito Kawakami, MD, DMSc, Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Sing Lee, MB, BS, Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong; Fernando Navarro-Mateu, MD, PhD, UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia and CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Marina Piazza, ScD, MPH, Universidad Cayetano Heredia; National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru; Beth-Ellen Pennell, MA, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; José Posada-Villa, MD, Faculty of Social Sciences Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, Colombia; Margreet ten Have, PhD, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Maria Carmen viana, MD, PhD, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil; Ronald C. Kessler, PhD, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Source
Publisher: Cambridge University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0342367 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-1465 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00071250 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Br J Psychiatry Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Background Although childhood adversities are known to predict increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic experiences, it is unclear whether this association varies by childhood adversity or traumatic experience types or by age. Aims To examine variation in associations of childhood adversities with PTSD according to childhood adversity types, traumatic experience types and life-course stage. Method Epidemiological data were analysed from the World Mental Health Surveys ( n = 27 017). Results Four childhood adversities (physical and sexual abuse, neglect, parent psychopathology) were associated with similarly increased odds of PTSD following traumatic experiences (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), whereas the other eight childhood adversities assessed did not predict PTSD. Childhood adversity-PTSD associations did not vary across traumatic experience types, but were stronger in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood than later adulthood. Conclusions Childhood adversities are differentially associated with PTSD, with the strongest associations in childhood-adolescence and early-middle adulthood. Consistency of associations across traumatic experience types suggests that childhood adversities are associated with generalised vulnerability to PTSD following traumatic experiences.
Competing Interests: Declaration of interestIn the past 3 years, R.C.K. received support for his epidemiological studies from Sanofi Aventis; was a consultant for Johnson & Johnson Wellness and Prevention, Shire, Takeda; and served on an advisory board for the Johnson & Johnson Services Inc Lake Nona Life Project. R.C.K. is a co-owner of DataStat Inc, a market research firm that carries out healthcare research. In the past 3 years, K.D. has received personal fees from Lundbeck, Servier and Johnson & Johnson. In the past 3 years, D.J.S. has received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from AMBRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research, Biocodex, Cipla, Lundbeck, National Responsible Gambling Foundation, Novartis, Servier and Sun. In the past 3 years, N.K. has received support (in the form of consultancy fees, lecture fees and royalties) from Aishin-Seiki, EAP Consulting, Igaku-Shoin, Japan Dental Association, Japan Housing Finance Agency, Japan Productivity Center, Junpukai Health Care Center, Meiji, Nanko-do, Nanzan-do, Occupational Health Foundation, Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Otsuka and Sekisui Chemicals, PHP Publication and Taishu-kan. He has received research grants from Infocom Ltd, Japan Management Association, Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and SoftBank Corp. Fujitsu Software Technologies Ltd has provided support to N.K. in the form of grants and royalties.
(© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017.)