학술논문
Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Hubau W; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. whubau@gmail.com.; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. whubau@gmail.com.; Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. whubau@gmail.com.; Lewis SL; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.; Phillips OL; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Affum-Baffoe K; Mensuration Unit, Forestry Commission of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana.; Beeckman H; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Cuní-Sanchez A; Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.; Daniels AK; Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia.; Ewango CEN; DR Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Fauset S; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.; Mukinzi JM; DR Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Salonga National Park, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.; World Wide Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzerland.; Sheil D; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.; Sonké B; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.; Sullivan MJP; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.; Sunderland TCH; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.; Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.; Taedoumg H; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.; Bioversity International, Yaounde, Cameroon.; Thomas SC; Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; White LJT; Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon.; Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon.; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.; Abernethy KA; Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon.; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.; Adu-Bredu S; Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana.; Amani CA; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.; Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Baker TR; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Banin LF; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, UK.; Baya F; Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche (MEFCP), Bangui, Central African Republic.; Institut Centrafricain de Recherche Agronomique (ICRA), Bangui, Central African Republic.; Begne SK; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.; Bennett AC; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Benedet F; Forêts et Sociétés (F&S), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.; Forêts et Sociétés (F&S), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.; Bitariho R; The Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda.; Bocko YE; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Botanique et Écologie, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.; Boeckx P; Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Boundja P; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.; Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.; Brienen RJW; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Brncic T; Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.; Chezeaux E; Rougier-Gabon, Libreville, Gabon.; Chuyong GB; Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; Clark CJ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; Collins M; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London, UK.; Comiskey JA; Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fredericksburg, VA, USA.; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.; Coomes DA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Dargie GC; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; de Haulleville T; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Kamdem MND; Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; Doucet JL; TERRA, Forest is Life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.; Esquivel-Muelbert A; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Feldpausch TR; Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.; Fofanah A; The Gola Rainforest National Park, Kenema, Sierra Leone.; Foli EG; Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana.; Gilpin M; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Gloor E; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Gonmadje C; National Herbarium, Yaounde, Cameroon.; Gourlet-Fleury S; Forêts et Sociétés (F&S), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.; Forêts et Sociétés (F&S), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.; Hall JS; Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.; Hamilton AC; Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.; Harris DJ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Hart TB; Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA.; Hockemba MBN; Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.; Hladik A; Département Hommes et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturel, Paris, France.; Ifo SA; École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Laboratoire de Géomatique et d'Écologie Tropicale Appliquée, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.; Jeffery KJ; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.; Jucker T; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.; Yakusu EK; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology (Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Kearsley E; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Department of Environment, Laboratory of Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Kenfack D; Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.; Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, Arlington, VA, USA.; Koch A; Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; Leal ME; Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda.; Levesley A; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Lindsell JA; A Rocha International, Cambridge, UK.; Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.; Lisingo J; Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Lopez-Gonzalez G; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Lovett JC; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK.; Makana JR; Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Malhi Y; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Marshall AR; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.; Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, UK.; Martin J; Fleming College, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.; Martin EH; Tropical Ecology, Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, Arlington, VA, USA.; Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, Mang'ula, Tanzania.; Mbayu FM; Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Medjibe VP; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; Commission of Central African Forests (COMIFAC), Yaounde, Cameroon.; Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon.; Mihindou V; Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon.; Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon.; Mitchard ETA; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Moore S; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Munishi PKT; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.; Bengone NN; Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon.; Ojo L; University of Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria.; Ondo FE; Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon.; Peh KS; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.; Department of Zoology, Conservation Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Pickavance GC; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Poulsen AD; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Poulsen JR; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; Qie L; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.; Reitsma J; Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, The Netherlands.; Rovero F; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.; Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy.; Swaine MD; Department of Plant & Soil Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.; Talbot J; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.; Taplin J; UK Research & Innovation, Innovate UK, London, UK.; Taylor DM; Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Thomas DW; Biology Department, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA.; Toirambe B; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Ministère de l'Environnement et Développement Durable, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Mukendi JT; Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.; Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo.; Tuagben D; Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia.; Friends of Ecosystem and the Environment, Monrovia, Liberia.; Umunay PM; Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA.; van der Heijden GMF; School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.; Verbeeck H; Department of Environment, Laboratory of Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.; Vleminckx J; International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.; Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.; Willcock S; School of Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Bangor, UK.; Wöll H; Independent Researcher, Bad Aussee, Austria.; Woods JT; W.R.T. College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.; Zemagho L; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Source
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered about half of the global terrestrial carbon uptake over the 1990s and early 2000s, removing about 15 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions 1-3 . Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this tropical forest 'carbon sink' will continue for decades 4,5 . Here we assess trends in the carbon sink using 244 structurally intact African tropical forests spanning 11 countries, compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia and investigate the underlying drivers of the trends. The carbon sink in live aboveground biomass in intact African tropical forests has been stable for the three decades to 2015, at 0.66 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year (95 per cent confidence interval 0.53-0.79), in contrast to the long-term decline in Amazonian forests 6 . Therefore the carbon sink responses of Earth's two largest expanses of tropical forest have diverged. The difference is largely driven by carbon losses from tree mortality, with no detectable multi-decadal trend in Africa and a long-term increase in Amazonia. Both continents show increasing tree growth, consistent with the expected net effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature 7-9 . Despite the past stability of the African carbon sink, our most intensively monitored plots suggest a post-2010 increase in carbon losses, delayed compared to Amazonia, indicating asynchronous carbon sink saturation on the two continents. A statistical model including carbon dioxide, temperature, drought and forest dynamics accounts for the observed trends and indicates a long-term future decline in the African sink, whereas the Amazonian sink continues to weaken rapidly. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth's intact tropical forests peaked in the 1990s. Given that the global terrestrial carbon sink is increasing in size, independent observations indicating greater recent carbon uptake into the Northern Hemisphere landmass 10 reinforce our conclusion that the intact tropical forest carbon sink has already peaked. This saturation and ongoing decline of the tropical forest carbon sink has consequences for policies intended to stabilize Earth's climate.