학술논문
Social contacts and other risk factors for respiratory infections among internally displaced people in Somaliland.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
van Zandvoort K; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Kevin.Van-Zandvoort@lshtm.ac.uk.; Bobe MO; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Hassan AI; Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development, 26 June District, Presidential Road, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Abdi MI; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Ahmed MS; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Soleman SM; Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development, 26 June District, Presidential Road, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Warsame MY; Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development, 26 June District, Presidential Road, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Wais MA; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Diggle E; Save the Children UK, 1 St John's Lane, London EC1M 4AR, United Kingdom.; McGowan CR; Save the Children UK, 1 St John's Lane, London EC1M 4AR, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.; Satzke C; Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia.; Mulholland K; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics at the Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.; Egeh MM; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Hassan MM; Save the Children International, Maansoor area, Jig-jiga yar, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Hergeeye MA; Republic of Somaliland Ministry of Health Development, 26 June District, Presidential Road, Hargeisa, Somaliland.; Eggo RM; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.; Checchi F; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.; Flasche S; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
Source
Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101484711 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1878-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18780067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Epidemics Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Background: Populations affected by humanitarian crises experience high burdens of acute respiratory infections (ARI), potentially driven by risk factors for severe disease such as poor nutrition and underlying conditions, and risk factors that may increase transmission such as overcrowding and the possibility of high social mixing. However, little is known about social mixing patterns in these populations.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional social contact survey among internally displaced people (IDP) living in Digaale, a permanent IDP camp in Somaliland. We included questions on household demographics, shelter quality, crowding, travel frequency, health status, and recent diagnosis of pneumonia, and assessed anthropometric status in children. We present the prevalence of several risk factors relevant to transmission of respiratory infections, and calculated age-standardised social contact matrices to assess population mixing.
Results: We found crowded households with high proportions of recent self-reported pneumonia (46% in children). 20% of children younger than five are stunted, and crude death rates are high in all age groups. ARI risk factors were common. Participants reported around 10 direct contacts per day. Social contact patterns are assortative by age, and physical contact rates are very high (78%).
Conclusions: ARI risk factors are very common in this population, while the large degree of contacts that involve physical touch could further increase transmission. Such IDP settings potentially present a perfect storm of risk factors for ARIs and their transmission, and innovative approaches to address such risks are urgently needed.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest KM and CS are investigators on a research-led study on PCV13 and adult pneumonia in Mongolia funded by Pfizer. CS and KM are investigators on a Merck Investigator Studies Program grant funded by MSD on pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in children with empyema. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional social contact survey among internally displaced people (IDP) living in Digaale, a permanent IDP camp in Somaliland. We included questions on household demographics, shelter quality, crowding, travel frequency, health status, and recent diagnosis of pneumonia, and assessed anthropometric status in children. We present the prevalence of several risk factors relevant to transmission of respiratory infections, and calculated age-standardised social contact matrices to assess population mixing.
Results: We found crowded households with high proportions of recent self-reported pneumonia (46% in children). 20% of children younger than five are stunted, and crude death rates are high in all age groups. ARI risk factors were common. Participants reported around 10 direct contacts per day. Social contact patterns are assortative by age, and physical contact rates are very high (78%).
Conclusions: ARI risk factors are very common in this population, while the large degree of contacts that involve physical touch could further increase transmission. Such IDP settings potentially present a perfect storm of risk factors for ARIs and their transmission, and innovative approaches to address such risks are urgently needed.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest KM and CS are investigators on a research-led study on PCV13 and adult pneumonia in Mongolia funded by Pfizer. CS and KM are investigators on a Merck Investigator Studies Program grant funded by MSD on pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in children with empyema. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)