학술논문
The diverse genetic origins of a Classical period Greek army.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Reitsema LJ; Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.; Mittnik A; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Kyle B; Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639.; Catalano G; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, 90123 Italy.; Fabbri PF; Department of Cultural Heritage, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.; Kazmi ACS; Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.; Reinberger KL; Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.; Sineo L; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, 90123 Italy.; Vassallo S; Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo, 90143 Palermo, Italy.; Bernardos R; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Broomandkhoshbacht N; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Callan K; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo, 90143 Palermo, Italy.; Candilio F; Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Rome, Italy.; Cheronet O; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria.; Curtis E; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Fernandes D; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria.; CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.; Lari M; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Lawson AM; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Mah M; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.; Mallick S; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.; Mandl K; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria.; Micco A; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.; Modi A; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Oppenheimer J; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Özdogan KT; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria.; Rohland N; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Stewardson K; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Vai S; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Vergata C; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Workman JN; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Zalzala F; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Zaro V; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Achilli A; Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani,' Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.; Anagnostopoulos A; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Capelli C; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.; Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.; Constantinou V; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Lancioni H; Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.; Olivieri A; Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani,' Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.; Papadopoulou A; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Psatha N; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Semino O; Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani,' Università di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.; Stamatoyannopoulos J; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.; Valliannou I; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Yannaki E; Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-HCT Unit, General Hospital of Thessaloniki 'George Papanikolaou', 55710 Thessaloniki, Greece.; Lazaridis I; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Patterson N; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.; Ringbauer H; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Caramelli D; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Pinhasi R; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, 50122 Italy.; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, Universität Wien, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.; Reich D; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138.; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142.
Source
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another catalyst of culture contact. We provide insight into the demographic dynamics of ancient warfare by reporting genome-wide data from fifth-century soldiers who fought for the army of the Greek Sicilian colony of Himera, along with representatives of the civilian population, nearby indigenous settlements, and 96 present-day individuals from Italy and Greece. Unlike the rest of the sample, many soldiers had ancestral origins in northern Europe, the Steppe, and the Caucasus. Integrating genetic, archaeological, isotopic, and historical data, these results illustrate the significant role mercenaries played in ancient Greek armies and highlight how participation in war contributed to continental-scale human mobility in the Classical world.