학술논문
Expectancy for Adderall influences subjective mood and drug effects regardless of concurrent caffeine ingestion: A randomized controlled trial.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Looby A; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA. alooby@uwyo.edu.; Piccorelli AV; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Biostatistics Division, 1730 Minor Avenue, Ste 1600, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.; Zimmerman L; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.; Falco C; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.; Livingston NR; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.; Akin C; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.; Benton S; Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Department 3415, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.; Juliano LM; Department of Psychology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
Source
Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 7608025 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-2072 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00333158 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Subsets: MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Rationale: Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPS; use without a prescription or in ways other than prescribed) is common among college students. Despite the potential for negative consequences, students continue engaging in NPS for cognitive enhancement purposes, which may be maintained by expectancy and placebo effects.
Objectives: This study examined if a placebo administered under the guise of Adderall influenced subjective mood/drug effects and cognitive performance. Furthermore, this study examined if concurrent caffeine ingestion incrementally enhanced Adderall-related placebo effects.
Methods: Undergraduate students with features that put them at elevated risk for NPS (N = 121) completed measures of mood and drug effects and cognitive assessments on two separate laboratory visits in this parallel randomized controlled trial. Visit 1 was a baseline control visit, on which no drug was expected or received. On visit 2, subjects were randomized to: (1) expect/receive no drug (control); (2) expect Adderall/receive placebo; or (3) expect Adderall/receive 200 mg caffeine.
Results: There were several significant condition × visit interactions for subjective effects, including amphetamine effects, energy and efficiency effects, and feeling high. In most cases, participants who expected Adderall reported greater positive subjective effects on visit 2 compared to controls; however, there were generally not incremental enhancements for those ingesting caffeine compared to placebo. There were no significant effects for any cognitive tests.
Conclusions: Expectation for prescription stimulant effects influenced subjective outcomes in a sample of high-risk college students. These findings may inform expectancy challenge interventions to reduce NPS.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03648684.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Objectives: This study examined if a placebo administered under the guise of Adderall influenced subjective mood/drug effects and cognitive performance. Furthermore, this study examined if concurrent caffeine ingestion incrementally enhanced Adderall-related placebo effects.
Methods: Undergraduate students with features that put them at elevated risk for NPS (N = 121) completed measures of mood and drug effects and cognitive assessments on two separate laboratory visits in this parallel randomized controlled trial. Visit 1 was a baseline control visit, on which no drug was expected or received. On visit 2, subjects were randomized to: (1) expect/receive no drug (control); (2) expect Adderall/receive placebo; or (3) expect Adderall/receive 200 mg caffeine.
Results: There were several significant condition × visit interactions for subjective effects, including amphetamine effects, energy and efficiency effects, and feeling high. In most cases, participants who expected Adderall reported greater positive subjective effects on visit 2 compared to controls; however, there were generally not incremental enhancements for those ingesting caffeine compared to placebo. There were no significant effects for any cognitive tests.
Conclusions: Expectation for prescription stimulant effects influenced subjective outcomes in a sample of high-risk college students. These findings may inform expectancy challenge interventions to reduce NPS.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03648684.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)