학술논문
Development and Validation of a Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale for Individuals who use Opioids: Preliminary Findings and Future Directions.
Document Type
Author
Luba R; Columbia University Irving Medical Center.; Gopaldas M; Columbia University Irving Medical Center.; Martinez S; Columbia University Irving Medical Center.; Comer SD; Columbia University Irving Medical Center.
Source
Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101768035 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet NLM ISO Abbreviation: Res Sq Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
Abstract
Background: Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) are individually implemented harm reduction (HR) strategies to reduce the frequency or severity of risks associated with drug use. Existing scales measuring PBS for alcohol and cannabis suggest PBS are associated with reductions in associated problems. Despite many HR strategies related to opioid use, no PBS scale has been developed in the context of opioid use. To address this gap, this study aimed to test and validate a PBS scale for individuals using opioids (PBSO).
Methods: An online survey utilized a 32-item PBS scale for individuals endorsing recent opioid use, and measured opioid use frequency, HR service use, and experience of opioid overdose. PBSO items were rated on a Likert scale ranging from "never" (0) to "always" (6), and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined factor structure.
Results: In the current sample (n=499; 32% female), EFA suggested a 3-factor structure among the 28 items retained, accounting for 51% of total variance. Factor 1 reflected health-service seeking, Factor 2 reflected individually-implemented and dose-reduction strategies, Factor 3 reflected social strategies, and Factor 4 reflected strategies related to injection drug use. Endorsement of PBSO items were slightly above "occasional" (3). PBSO use appeared positively related to past-month HR service utilization and negatively related to opioid use frequency.
Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary support for the PBSO scale as a valid and reliable measure. Further work is needed to test this scale in larger samples, and future work should explore the association between PBSO and relevant health outcomes, and whether factor scores differentially impact these outcomes.
Competing Interests: RL, SM, and MG have no competing interests to disclose related to this publication. In the past 3 years, Dr. Comer has received research funding from BioXcel Therapeutics and Janssen, and partial salary support through NIDA grants with Go Medical, Intra-cellular Therapies, and Lyndra. In the past 3 years, Dr. Comer has also consulted for: Alkermes, Clinilabs, Mallinckrodt, Nektar, Opiant, and Otsuka. And finally, she has received honoraria from the World Health Organization in compensation for her work on the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.
Methods: An online survey utilized a 32-item PBS scale for individuals endorsing recent opioid use, and measured opioid use frequency, HR service use, and experience of opioid overdose. PBSO items were rated on a Likert scale ranging from "never" (0) to "always" (6), and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined factor structure.
Results: In the current sample (n=499; 32% female), EFA suggested a 3-factor structure among the 28 items retained, accounting for 51% of total variance. Factor 1 reflected health-service seeking, Factor 2 reflected individually-implemented and dose-reduction strategies, Factor 3 reflected social strategies, and Factor 4 reflected strategies related to injection drug use. Endorsement of PBSO items were slightly above "occasional" (3). PBSO use appeared positively related to past-month HR service utilization and negatively related to opioid use frequency.
Conclusions: Findings provide preliminary support for the PBSO scale as a valid and reliable measure. Further work is needed to test this scale in larger samples, and future work should explore the association between PBSO and relevant health outcomes, and whether factor scores differentially impact these outcomes.
Competing Interests: RL, SM, and MG have no competing interests to disclose related to this publication. In the past 3 years, Dr. Comer has received research funding from BioXcel Therapeutics and Janssen, and partial salary support through NIDA grants with Go Medical, Intra-cellular Therapies, and Lyndra. In the past 3 years, Dr. Comer has also consulted for: Alkermes, Clinilabs, Mallinckrodt, Nektar, Opiant, and Otsuka. And finally, she has received honoraria from the World Health Organization in compensation for her work on the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.