학술논문
Recent Technologies for Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring.
Document Type
Academic Journal
Author
Bernasconi S; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Angelucci A; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; De Cesari A; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Masotti A; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Pandocchi M; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Vacca F; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Zhao X; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Paganelli C; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.; Aliverti A; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Source
Publisher: MDPI AG Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101658402 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2075-4418 (Print) Linking ISSN: 20754418 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Diagnostics (Basel) Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
2075-4418
Abstract
The measurement of partial pressures of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is fundamental for evaluating a patient's conditions in clinical practice. There are many ways to retrieve O 2 /CO 2 partial pressures and concentrations. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is the gold standard technique for such a purpose, but it is invasive, intermittent, and potentially painful. Among all the alternative methods for gas monitoring, non-invasive transcutaneous O 2 and CO 2 monitoring has been emerging since the 1970s, being able to overcome the main drawbacks of ABG analysis. Clark and Severinghaus electrodes enabled the breakthrough for transcutaneous O 2 and CO 2 monitoring, respectively, and in the last twenty years, many innovations have been introduced as alternatives to overcome their limitations. This review reports the most recent solutions for transcutaneous O 2 and CO 2 monitoring, with a particular consideration for wearable measurement systems. Luminescence-based electronic paramagnetic resonance and photoacoustic sensors are investigated. Optical sensors appear to be the most promising, giving fast and accurate measurements without the need for frequent calibrations and being suitable for integration into wearable measurement systems.