부산대학교 도서관

Simple Summary: Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one), a flavonoid, is richly found in fruits and vegetables. Kaempferol has been proven to reduce tumor cell growth by modulating several pathways and molecular mechanisms, such as causing G0/G1 phase arrest in esophageal cancer, reducing G2/M cell cycle proteins in gastric cancer, inducing apoptosis by Akt/mTOR pathway in pancreatic cancer, causing cell cycle arrest (especially HT-29 human colon cancer cells), and suppressing cell growth by PI3K/mTOR/MMP signaling pathways in liver cancer. The application of nanotechnology has been shown to enhance the efficacy of kaempferol against gastrointestinal cancer. Mechanistic studies showed kaempferol-conjugated nanoparticles inducing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in liver cancer cells, potentially leading to anti-cancer effects. Notably, kaempferol-conjugated gold nanoclusters have also shown efficacy in reducing tumor volume in vivo. However, there is a lack of research specifically focused on gastrointestinal cancers, highlighting the need for further exploration in this area. In recent years, kaempferol, a natural flavonoid present in various fruits and vegetables, has received significant attention in gastrointestinal cancer research due to its varied therapeutic effects. Kaempferol has been proven to alter several molecular mechanisms and pathways, such as the PI3/Akt, mTOR, and Erk/MAPK pathway involved in cancer progression, showing its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and migration. Kaempferol is processed in the liver and small intestine, but limited bioavailability has been a major concern in the clinical implications of kaempferol. Nano formulations have been proven to enhance kaempferol's efficacy in cancer prevention. The synergy of nanotechnology and kaempferol has shown promising results in in vitro studies, highlighting the importance for more in vivo research and clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. This review aims to focus on the role of kaempferol in various types of gastrointestinal cancer and how the combination of kaempferol with nanotechnology helps in improving therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]