부산대학교 도서관

Background Simultaneous inactivation of pig GGTA1 and CMAH genes eliminates carbohydrate xenoantigens recognized by human antibodies. The β4Gal NT2 glycosyltransferase may also synthesize xenoantigens. To further characterize glycan-based species incompatibilities, we examined human and non-human primate antibody binding to cells derived from genetically modified pigs lacking these carbohydrate-modifying genes. Methods The Cas9 endonuclease and gRNA were used to create pigs lacking GGTA1, GGTA1/ CMAH, or GGTA1/ CMAH/β4Gal NT2 genes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from these animals and examined for binding to IgM and IgG from humans, rhesus macaques, and baboons. Results Cells from GGTA1/ CMAH/β4Gal NT2 deficient pigs exhibited reduced human IgM and IgG binding compared to cells lacking both GGTA1 and CMAH. Non-human primate antibody reactivity with cells from the various pigs exhibited a slightly different pattern of reactivity than that seen in humans. Simultaneous inactivation of the GGTA1 and CMAH genes increased non-human primate antibody binding compared to cells lacking either GGTA1 only or to those deficient in GGTA1/ CMAH/β4Gal NT2. Conclusions Inactivation of the β4Gal NT2 gene reduces human and non-human primate antibody binding resulting in diminished porcine xenoantigenicity. The increased humoral immunity of non-human primates toward GGTA1-/ CMAH-deficient cells compared to pigs lacking either GGTA1 or GGTA1/ CMAH/β4Gal NT2 highlights the complexities of carbohydrate xenoantigens and suggests potential limitations of the non-human primate model for examining some genetic modifications. The progressive reduction of swine xenoantigens recognized by human immunoglobulin through inactivation of pig GGTA1/ CMAH/β4Gal NT2 genes demonstrates that the antibody barrier to xenotransplantation can be minimized by genetic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]