부산대학교 도서관

Spreading of antibiotic resistance is effective via many routes and is dependent on the setting. Moreover, poor hygiene conditions, poor sanitation, as well as inadequate infection control contribute to the spreading of resistant bacteria in health care and industrial facilities, in the community as well as in animal production. Bacteria are present in any environment and bacterial resistance disseminate across the world. Animals receiving antibiotics, they carry antibiotic resistant bacteria and are spread to humans through food or animal contact. Vegetables may be contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria coming from animal manure fertilizers. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics by humans is another major issue. Production of safe food especially of animal origin is important. In this vein, a holistic controlling in all different steps of the production line must be done as microorganisms manifest their presence in foods. Bacterial biofilms dominion our lives, as they are ubiquitous in every environment. Conjugation seems to be the mechanism related in biofilms transfer genes within biofilms or between bacterial communities. Eradicating the problem of antibiotic resistance could be approached by collaboration of authorities, bodies, industrials, veterinarians and doctors as the economic and social challenges emerging from AMR are important. Hereby, we expose the major ways across clinical borders resistant bacteria can sprea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]