부산대학교 도서관

The hydroacoustic environment of a rapidly warming Arctic Ocean will be impacted by interconnected changes in the physical environment and increased human activity. Previous acoustic calculations will need to be updated to reflect current and future conditions. Earth System Models are important tools for making projections of changes in a wide range of physical processes under future climates. We present a comparison of Arctic acoustic travel times based on output from the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model with measured travel times from the 2016–2017 Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment and with travel times predicted by empirical temperature and salinity observations. This comparison allows us to test the impact of changes in Arctic sound speed profiles on acoustic travel times and connects Arctic hydroacoustics with the changing Arctic environment as described by a climate model. Plain Language Summary: As the Arctic Ocean changes due to a warming climate and increased human activity, its acoustic environment will also change. Earth System Models that allow interactions between the ocean, sea ice, atmosphere, and other parts of the global water cycle are important tools for investigating conditions under future climates. Measuring acoustic travel time between two points can help constrain the physical properties that control propagation of sound in the ocean. We use the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model to estimate temperature and salinity at different depths in the Arctic Ocean and use these profiles to calculate the time taken for sound waves to travel between a source and a receiver. We compare these estimates to arrival times directly measured in the 2016–2017 Canada Basin Acoustic Propagation Experiment, and to travel times computed for temperature and salinity data measured by instruments in the Arctic. Through this comparison, we test the impact of changes in the Arctic environment on acoustic travel times and demonstrate how a climate model can describe acoustic properties in a changing Arctic Ocean. Key Points: We compare Arctic Ocean acoustic travel times based on an Earth System Model, oceanographic observations, and an acoustic experimentSound speeds in the upper 400 m of the western Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to warming and freshening of water layersThe Energy Exascale Earth System Model captures the layered structure of the Canada Basin but not its relative sound speed variations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]