학술논문
Premotor, nonmotor and motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A new clinical state of the art.
Document Type
Article
Author
Leite Silva, Ana Beatriz Ramalho; Gonçalves de Oliveira, Roger Wilson; Diógenes, Guilherme Pinheiro; de Castro Aguiar, Marina Feitosa; Sallem, Camilla Costa; Lima, Micael Porto Portela; de Albuquerque Filho, Luciano Barroso; Peixoto de Medeiros, Sara Diógenes; Penido de Mendonça, Lucas Lopes; de Santiago Filho, Paulo Cesar (NURSE); Nones, Diogo Pasquali; da Silva Cardoso, Pamella Mendes Martiniano; Ribas, Michelle Zonkowski; Galvão, Stéfani Lara; Gomes, Gabriel Felipe; Bezerra de Menezes, Amanda Rebouças; dos Santos, Nayla Lima; Mororó, Victor Monteiro; Duarte, Fairane Sousa; dos Santos, Júlio César Claudino
Source
Subject
*PARKINSON'S disease
*SUBTHALAMIC nucleus
*SUBSTANTIA nigra
*DOPAMINERGIC neurons
*MEDICAL care costs
*DISEASE progression
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Language
ISSN
1568-1637
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalic substantia nigra, causing a progressive clinical course characterized by pre-motor, non-motor and motor symptoms, which negatively impact the quality of life of patients and cause high health care costs. Therefore, the present study aims to discuss the clinical manifestations of PD and to make a correlation with the gut–brain (GB) axis, approaching epidemiology and therapeutic perspectives, to better understand its clinical progression and identify symptoms early. A literature review was performed regarding the association between clinical progression, the gut–brain axis, epidemiology, and therapeutic perspectives, in addition to detailing pre-motor, non-motor symptoms (neuropsychiatric, cognitive, autonomic, sleep disorders, sensory abnormalities) and cardinal motor symptoms. Therefore, this article addresses a topic of extreme relevance, since the previously mentioned clinical manifestations (pre-motor and non-motor) can often act as prodromal markers for the early diagnosis of PD and may precede it by up to 20 years. • Parkinson's Disease is characterized by pre-motor, non-motor and motor symptoms. • Gut-brain axis is related to clinical progression of PD symptoms. • Premotor symptoms may appear 20 years before motor symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]