부산대학교 도서관

Antarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast, grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms in narrow (generally up to 200 km wide) bands, and ranges in thickness from centimeters to tens of meters. In most regions, it forms in autumn, persists through the winter and melts in spring/summer, but can remain throughout the summer in particular locations, becoming multi‐year ice. Despite its relatively limited extent (comprising between about 4% and 13% of overall sea ice), its presence, variability and seasonality are drivers of a wide range of physical, biological and biogeochemical processes, with both local and far‐ranging ramifications for the Earth system. Antarctic fast ice has, until quite recently, been overlooked in studies, likely due to insufficient knowledge of its distribution, leading to its reputation as a “missing piece of the Antarctic puzzle.” This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge of the physical, biogeochemical and biological aspects of fast ice, based on the sub‐domains of: fast ice growth, properties and seasonality; remote‐sensing and distribution; interactions with the atmosphere and the ocean; biogeochemical interactions; its role in primary production; and fast ice as a habitat for grazers. Finally, we consider the potential state of Antarctic fast ice at the end of the 21st Century, underpinned by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. This review also gives recommendations for targeted future work to increase our understanding of this critically‐important element of the global cryosphere.Plain Language Summary: Landfast ice (known more simply as fast ice) is sea ice that doesn't move horizontally, unlike pack ice. It can cover extensive regions of the Southern Ocean, and ranges in thickness up to several tens of meters. In many regions it melts or breaks out each summer, but can survive the melt season in others regions. Antarctic fast ice is critically important for a wide variety of coastal processes, and has far‐reaching consequences for the Earth system, however our knowledge of it is limited. This first review of Antarctic fast ice provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge, including its baseline properties and its major roles in key glaciological, oceanographic, atmospheric, biogeochemical and biological interactions and processes, highlighting its crucial and far‐reaching importance. Antarctic fast ice is likely to reduce by the end of the 21st Century, in terms of its season length, thickness and possibly extent, but projections are highly uncertain due to a current lack of inclusion of fast ice in climate models. Observations of fast ice, including both ground‐ and satellite‐based, should be coordinated and expanded to allow deeper understanding of this important part of the global cryosphere and Antarctic coastal environment.Key Points: Antarctic landfast ice is a crucial but often overlooked part of the Antarctic coastal environmentOur review draws together the body of work which is wide‐ranging but tends to lack coordinationObservation programs need to be expanded and coordinated, and models need to incorporate realistic landfast ice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]