부산대학교 도서관

Rationale: Multiple observational coding systems have been developed and validated to assess parent–child interactions during painful procedures. Most of these coding systems are neither theory‐based nor do they well represent parent nonverbal behaviours. Aims: Develop the Parent Caring Response Scoring System (P‐CaReSS) based on Swanson's Theory of Caring and test its psychometric properties in children in cancer port starts. Methods: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding was used to formulate the preliminary observational codes for the P‐CaReSS. Twenty‐nine children, each with one video‐recording of port start available, were selected from the parent study (R01CA138981) to refine the P‐CaReSS, train coders and test inter‐rater reliability. Videos of another 43 children were used to evaluate the construct validity of P‐CaReSS. Per cent agreement and Cohen's kappa were used to present the inter‐rater reliability. Spearman rank‐order correlations were used to report the construct validity. Results: The 18‐item P‐CaReSS includes three types of parent behaviours: verbal, nonverbal and emotional behaviours. These parent interaction behaviours comprise five caring domains – knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief – and one noncaring domain. On average the per cent agreement was 0.82 for the P‐CaReSS overall, with average per cent agreements above 0.80 for both verbal and nonverbal behaviours. Kappa coefficient was 0.81 for the emotional behaviour. The behavioural codes in the P‐CaReSS showed significant correlations with independent ratings of parent distress, child distress and child cooperation. Conclusions: The P‐CaReSS is a promising tool that can be used to evaluate parent verbal, nonverbal and emotional behaviours during cancer‐related port starts. This observational tool can be used to guide the development of nursing interventions to help parents caring for their child during cancer procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]