학술논문
Exposure Contrasts of Pregnant Women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Randomized Controlled Trial.
Document Type
Article
Author
Johnson, Michael; Pillarisetti, Ajay; Piedrahita, Ricardo; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Peel, Jennifer L.; Steenland, Kyle; Underhill, Lindsay J.; Rosa, Ghislaine; Kirby, Miles A.; Díaz-Artiga, Anaité; McCracken, John; Clark, Maggie L.; Waller, Lance; Chang, Howard H.; Wang, Jiantong; Dusabimana, Ephrem; Ndagijimana, Florien; Sambandam, Sankar; Mukhopadhyay, Krishnendu; Kearns, Katherine A.
Source
Subject
*INDOOR air pollution prevention
*ENVIRONMENTAL exposure prevention
*COOKING equipment
*HOUSEHOLD supplies
*AERODYNAMICS
*PETROLEUM
*GASES
*EVALUATION of human services programs
*CARBON monoxide
*HEATING
*CARBON
*PREGNANT women
*INDOOR air pollution
*RANDOMIZED controlled trials
*COMPARATIVE studies
*PRE-tests & post-tests
*DESCRIPTIVE statistics
*STATISTICAL sampling
*LONGITUDINAL method
*ENVIRONMENTAL exposure
*PREGNANCY
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Language
ISSN
0091-6765
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to PM2.5 arising from solid fuel combustion is estimated to result in ~2.3 million premature deaths and 91 million lost disability-adjusted life years annually. Interventions attempting to mitigate this burden have had limited success in reducing exposures to levels thought to provide substantive health benefits. OBJECTIVES: This paper reports exposure reductions achieved by a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel intervention for pregnant mothers in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The HAPIN trial included 3,195 households primarily using biomass for cooking in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Twenty-four-hour exposures to PM2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC) were measured for pregnant women once before randomization into control (푛=1,605) and LPG (푛=1,590) arms and twice thereafter (aligned with trimester). Changes in exposure were estimated by directly comparing exposures between intervention and control arms and by using linear mixed-effect models to estimate the impact of the intervention on exposure levels. RESULTS: Median postrandomization exposures of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter =2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the intervention arm were lower by 66% at the first (71.5 vs. 24.1 μg/m³), and second follow-up visits (69.5 vs. 23.7 μg/m³) compared to controls. BC exposures were lower in the intervention arm by 72% (9.7 vs. 2.7 μg/m³) and 70% (9.6 vs. 2.8 μg/m³) at the first and second follow-up visits, respectively, and carbon monoxide exposure was 82% lower at both visits (1.1 vs. 0.2 ppm) in comparison with controls. Exposure reductions were consistent over time and were similar across research locations. DISCUSSION: Postintervention PM2.5 exposures in the intervention arm were at the lower end of what has been reported for LPG and other clean fuel interventions, with 69% of PM2.5 samples falling below the World Health Organization Annual Interim Target 1 of 35 μg/m³. This study indicates that an LPG intervention can reduce PM2.5 exposures to levels at or below WHO targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]