부산대학교 도서관

In the years 2017–2020, 104 young or adult Demoiselle Cranes (Anthropoides virgo) were tracked with GPS-GSM transmitters in Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Eight flyways from different parts of the Demoiselle Crane distribution range were specified, with key areas for each flyway identified. In the European part of the range, cranes from different breeding groups followed two flyways using the same route in the fall and spring. The Azov–Black Sea breeding group wintered in Chad, while the Caspian, Volga–Ural, and Cis-Ural breeding groups spent winters in Sudan. Demoiselle Cranes from the Asian part of the range excluding the Trans-Urals carried out a circular migration. In the fall, they used six main flyways to northwestern India arriving there from the north, northeast, and east. In the spring, they flew firstly in a narrow front to the western tip of the Tien Shan Mountains, and then flew out like a fan to the north, northeast, and east. At wintering grounds and summer gatherings, gene flow can occur between cranes of different breeding groups. The migration period consisted of two stages: trophic, when cranes accumulate energy resources, and transit, when they make a long active flight without replenishing energy reserves. Fall migration took place over a short time. With migration route lengths totaling 2170 to 5600 km, the distance of the transit migration varied from 1900 to 4600 km, and their duration lasted from seven to 13 days. This is obviously a period that the Demoiselle Crane is capable of overcoming without essential replenishment of the energy costs, due to the resources accumulated before starting the transit migration. The spring migration of adults was more extended, with shorter daily flights and a longer rest at transit migratory stopovers, this probably being necessary to save energy before the breeding period. Some young cranes returned to their places of birth with their parents in the spring, while others made a transit flight to the first places of a long trophic migratory stopovers located in the southern part of the steppe zone. Some of them spend the whole summer in these territories, while others gradually move to their birthplaces, arriving 1–1.5 months later than adults do. Some young birds visit their birthplaces only after the second winter. Young birds from Transbaikalia and probably from the Altai and Khakassia made two transit flights with a long rest approximately in the middle of the flyway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]