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o ㅋ ㄱ ㅅ ㅈ ㅌ ㄷ 촉 ㄴ ㅎ ㅂ ㅃ ㅁ 야 ㄹ 와
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ä Ä ö Ö ü Ü ß                
프랑스어
á à Á À é è É È ç Ç ê        
스페인어
à á Á é É í Í Ó ó Ú ú Ñ ñ ä Ä
Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ  
Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω  
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ  
ν ξ ο π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï
Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß  
à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï
ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ  
А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П
Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я  
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п
р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я  
ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ
ㅥ ㅦ ㅧ ㅨ ㅩ ㅪ ㅫ ㅬ ㅭ ㅮ ㅯ ㅰ ㅱ ㅲ ㅳ ㅴ ㅵ
ㅶ ㅷ ㅸ ㅹ ㅺ ㅻ ㅼ ㅽ ㅾ ㅿ ㆀ ㆁ ㆂ ㆃ ㆄ ㆅ ㆆ
ㆇ ㆈ ㆉ ㆊ ㆋ ㆌ ㆍ ㆎ                  
′ ″ ℃ Å ￠ ￡ ￥ ¤ ℉ ‰ ＄ ％ Ｆ ￦ ㎕ ㎖ ㎗ ℓ ㎘ ㏄
㎣ ㎤ ㎥ ㎦ ㎙ ㎚ ㎛ ㎜ ㎝ ㎞ ㎟ ㎠ ㎡ ㎢ ㏊ ㎍ ㎎ ㎏    
㏏ ㎈ ㎉ ㏈ ㎧ ㎨ ㎰ ㎱ ㎲ ㎳ ㎴ ㎵ ㎶ ㎷ ㎸ ㎹ ㎀ ㎁    
㎂ ㎃ ㎄ ㎺ ㎻ ㎽ ㎾ ㎿ ㎐ ㎑ ㎒ ㎓ ㎔ Ω ㏀ ㏁ ㎊ ㎋    
㎌ ㏖ ㏅ ㎭ ㎮ ㎯ ㏛ ㎩ ㎪ ㎫ ㎬ ㏝ ㏐ ㏓ ㏃ ㏉ ㏜ ㏆    
± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒
≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧
∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋ － ＜ ＝ ＞      
  ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ
ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ
ภ ม ย ร ฤ ล ฦ ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ ฯ
ะ ั า ำ ิ ี ึ ื ุ ู ฺ         ฿
เ แ โ ใ ไ ๅ ๆ ็ ่ ้ ๊ ๋ ์ ํ ๎ ๏
᠀ ᠁ ᠂ ᠃ ᠄ ᠅ ᠆ ᠇ ᠈ ᠉ ᠊          
᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙            
ᠠ ᠡ ᠢ ᠣ ᠤ ᠥ ᠦ ᠧ ᠨ ᠩ ᠪ ᠫ ᠬ ᠭ ᠮ ᠯ
ᠰ ᠱ ᠲ ᠳ ᠴ ᠵ ᠶ ᠷ ᠸ ᠹ ᠺ ᠻ ᠼ ᠽ ᠾ ᠿ
ᡀ ᡁ ᡂ ᡃ ᡄ ᡅ ᡆ ᡇ ᡈ ᡉ ᡊ ᡋ ᡌ ᡍ ᡎ ᡏ
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'학술논문' 에서 검색결과 66,920건 | 목록 1~20
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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on. 25:2589-2606 2026
Full Text (IEEE) Web of Science JCR 저널정보 Find it@PNU
‘V K IMP’. Further Elements Towards a Reappraisal of the Graffiti of the Sack of Rome
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Henri de Riedmatten
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 87:213-228
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TherapEase: Enhancing Remote Physical Therapy Using Pose Estimation, Emotion Recognition, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm
Conference
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2024 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES) Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES), 2024 International Conference on. :1-7 Dec, 2024
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Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Behavior of Ferroic and Multiferroic Ceramics From 100 to 400 K for Nonlinear Pulse Forming Line Applications
Academic Journal
Crawford, T.D.; Romes, A.J.; Sengupta, S.; Garner, A.L.
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics IEEE Trans. Magn. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on. 61(2):1-6 Feb, 2025
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What is philology and its difference from other areas: Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 12 Abstract : This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields. Key words : Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex- tual studies, source studies. Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo-ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ-ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex-ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo-gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the ABDURAKHMONOVA MOKHINUR BAKHROMJON QIZI Student of Uzbek StateWorld Language University KHODIYEVA SHAKHNOZA ABDULLAYEVNA Senior teacher of Uzbek State World Language University WHAT IS PHILOLOGY AND ITS DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER AREAS https://doi.org/10.47689/STARS.university-pp12-16 STARS International University 13 field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro-tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop-ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists - the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90 BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol-ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver-sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re-naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad. In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram-matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol-ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin-guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel-oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features of the Arabic language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, both grammatical streams rose to the level of an independent school of linguistics. On the basis of Basra and Kufa fammatic trends, the Baghdad fammatic school was created, and the Bagh-dad grammatical theory was created. Ibn Jinni (10th century), a representative of the Baghdad grammar school, paid attention to issues of etymology in his works. As the rule of the Arab caliphate spread to Syria, Egypt, Iran, Spain, and Central Asia, philologists developed in these regions under the influence of the philologi-cal currents of Kufa, Basra, and Baghdad. representatives also participated. En-glish orientalist Ye. According to Brown, 30 of the 45 most influential representa-tives of Arab science and culture were representatives of non-Arab peoples. The emergence of the science of Turkic philology is also connected with the scientific activities of these scientists. Although philology was not considered a special sci-ence among the Turkic peoples in ancient times, there are many works related to it - dictionaries, grammars, treatises on literary studies, reviews, books on the his-tory and ethnography of the Turkic peoples. written Mahmud Koshgari (11th cen-tury) occupies a special place in the history of culture and science of Turkic peo- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 14 ples. He is one of the scientists and the first to create the science of Turkic philol-ogy. His work «Devonu Lugotit Turk» covers almost all areas of this science: lexi-con, phonetics and morphology of Turkic languages, classification of Turkic lan-guages, oral creativity of Turkic peoples, etc. The work also contains valuable in-formation on ethnography, toponymy, and geographical location of Turkic peo-ples. M. Koshgari also founded the comparative study of languages. Mahmoud Zamakhshari (11th-12th centuries), nicknamed «Jorullah» («Neighbor of God») by the scholars of his time, made a great contribution to the development of Eastern science and culture. He created more than 50 works related to philosophy, history, literary studies, folklore studies, linguistics. His work «Mukaddimat uladab» is im-portant not only in terms of studying the history of the Arabic language and lin-guistics, but also in terms of studying the history of the languages of the Turkic peoples. In the dictionary part of the work, Persian and Mongolian translations of Arabic words as well as Turkish translations are given. In addition to these, more than 10 monolingual or bilingual explanatory dictionaries created by well-known or unknown authors in the 13th-19th centuries made a certain contribution to the development of the science of philology in Turkic languages. Also, Alisher Navoi’s works «Muhokamat ullugatayn», «Mezon ulavzon», «Majolis unnafois», «Tarihi mu-luki Ajam», Babur’s «Mukhtasar» («Risolai aruz») and «Boburnoma», Abul g hozi Bahadirkhan’s «Shajarai turk» and « «Shajarai tarokima» books, historical works of authors such as Munis, Ogahi, Bayani, Sheikh Ahmad Tarazi’s book «Funun ulbalo-ga» on literary studies and other scientific works enriched the science of philology in a broad sense. In the 18th century in Germany, the philologist I.I. A new era of philology begins due to the emergence of Winckelmann’s theory of «neohuman-ism» (new humanism). The question of the whole, whole image of the an c ient world is raised with the same scientific rigor as it was during the Renaissance. German philologist philology A. Wolf uses the term «philology» as the name of the science of antiquity, the ancient world. During this period, philology was under-stood in a very broad sense and included not only the study of a specific national language and literature, but also history, philosophy, art, and even material cul-ture. Philology. the department that studies cultural monuments and i nterprets the works of Greek and Roman authors was later called «classical philology». In the 19th century, the process of separation of philology from other disciplines in-tensified. As a result of the work of German philologists G. Uzener, E. Rode, U. von Wilamowitz Möllendorf and others, world history is separated from philology as an independent branch of science; at the same time, under the influence of romanti-cism and other Goya trends, along with «classical philology», «new philology» was born: Germanic studies (such as Ya. and V. Grimm), Slavic studies (A. Vostokov, V. Ganka), Oriental studies. At the same time, the Grimms, philologist Dietz, I. Do-brovsky, A. Vostokov and other philologists developed the comparative-historical method of language study. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the science of Turkic studies appeared as a branch of philology. During the period when special departments of philology as above appeared and the comparative historical method began to be used, the concept of philology narrowed and became equal to linguistics. At the end of the 19th and the begin-ning of the 20th century, the concept of philology became clearer and included the study of languages and literature; such disciplines as textology, source stud- STARS International University 15 ies, paleography appear as auxiliary fields of philology, especially the formation and development of textology played an important role in publishing manuscripts and works of classic poets (for example, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Atoi, Navoi, Babur; Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.). Linguistics and literary studies that make up philology, in turn, are divided into special fields: general linguistics, language history, the study of modern languages; folklore studies are also included in the scope of liter-ary theory, literary history, literary criticism and other philology because folklore is also an art of speech. Modern philology reveals new problems of language and literature study and develops new methods; developing a continuous connection with written sources typical of all periods of social life; philological research is being conducted with a deep scientific and critical approach to existing sourc-es. The most important characteristic of modern philology is to limit its tasks to the tasks of such subjects as history, philosophy, art history, and cultural history, which were separated from the bosom of philology, which was once considered a single, integrated science, and at the same time, creative cooperation with them. Although the foundations of Uzbek philology go back to the times and works of M. Koshgari, M. Zamakhshari, it has developed in a unique way over the years! how-ever, Uzbek philology in the current sense began to form at the beginning of the 20th century: Uzbek linguistics, literary studies, source studies, and textual studies developed as branches of philological science. Current Uzbek philology is devel-oping in every way as a component of world philology. M. Behbudi, Fitrat, Chol-pon, Avloni, Elbek, Ghozi Olim Yunusov, A. Zahiri, Otajon Hashim, Hodi Zaripov, S. Ibrohimov, P. Shamsiyev, Sh. Khurshid, Olim Sharafiddinov, S. Mutallibov, Izzat Sultan, O. Usmanov, S. Usmanov, U. Tursunov, philology Kamal, V. Abdullayev, V. Zohidov, G‘. Karimov, philology Abdullayev, A. Gulomov, H. Sulaymanov, Russian scientists Ye. Polivanov, K. Yudakhin, A. Borovkov, V. Reshetov, A. Kononov, A. Shcherbak, and others have significant contributions. Also Sh. Shoabdurahman-ov, G. Abdurahmonov, A. Hayitmetov, A. Kayumov, A. Rustamov, Q. Mahmudov, M. Askarova, HI. Rahmatullayev, A. Hajiyev, A. Abdugafurov, B. Valikhojhayev, N. Karimov, T. Mirzayev, B. Nazarov, E. Fozilov, E. Begmatov, H. Nematov, A. Nur-monov, N. Makhmudov, and other contemporary Uzbeks have been participating in the development of philology with their scientific research. Philology has faced difficulties in the English-speaking world. Many Americans who studied in college do not know this word, and those who often repeat texts written by ancient Greek or Roman classics. Philology is a science of science. the king, the pride of the first great modern universities - grew up in Germany in the eighteenth and nine-teenth centuries. In the twelve years before 1850, the most advanced humanistic research in the United States and Great Britain and its generative currents were sent through the intellectual life of Europe and America. philosophy of text (liter-ature such as classical and biblical studies, «Sanskrit and Arabic», «Medieval and modern European writers»); 2) the theory of the origin and nature of language and (3) the comparative structure and historical evolution of languages and language families study ».»The events that happened since 1800 were the origin of «compar-ative philology», events that happened by Darwinists, such as «the common origin of humans», was based on the widest horizons and new knowledge. By the 18th century, English colonial leaders who were covering botany and Greek at school, realized that they had to do their work properly in classical Persian and even San- Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 16 skrit, they could not help noticing similarities between the oriental languages and their classical counterparts, but what was their meaning, and what was the origin of the distinction of language rather than of species?» The comparative philology of the study and development of true Indo-European languages quickly gained great respect in Germany.» Answer Grimm, true expressions of philologists and rare collectors, «There is no punishment, or so cruel to error. As mathematics or physics, in every sense a hard science, serious details have a cruel morality.» Popular English Philology to all kinds of questions about, etymology, different types of pronunciation and grammatical usage, sources of Cockney vocabulary, words, original place and per-sonal names, and pronunciation, it is very interesting to hear things discussed in railway stations and smoking rooms you can read long letters about them in the press, sometimes decorated with random, misunderstood, misinterpreted and used interesting information No, the subject of English philology is street has a strange fascination for the man within, but almost everything that is thought and said about it is wonderfully and hopelessly mistaken. English Philology attracts a greater number of cranks and defects than the giyas, which is the knowledge of people who are probably less educated on any subject. the general ignorance about it is so profound that it is very difficult to convince people that it is really a well-known fact and a definite doctrine on linguistic matters.» «If the nineteenth language of language is the century of discovery, the twentieth century is the century of language attachment. The nineteenth-century distinguished language in several ways: it learned to see language as an amalgam of sounds, and therefore how to study sounds, to understand the diversity of language, and to understand the history or studied not as a piece of literature, but as a separate language. «Philology» was considered the best. «Other studies, especially innovations such as anthropology, began at the same time that philology helped the emergence of linguistics ... New studies were different from the century: in the century, linguis-tics once again united language. words and so He developed an interest in the study of the sounds that combine to form words, understood universals in other languages, and he reintegrated other languages with other languages, particularly philosophy and psychology.» References: 1. Warschauer, M., & Kern, K. (2000). Network-based Language Teaching: Con- cepts and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[1] 2. Boswood, T. (1997). New Ways of Using Computers in Language Teaching (New Ways in Tesol Series II), California: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.[2] 3. Harmer, J. (2007). How to teach English, Harlow, Essex: Pearson-Longman. [3] 4.www.ziyonet.uz.[4]5.Jeyms Tyorner, Filologiya: Zamonaviy gumanitar fanlarning unutilgan man- balari, Princeton University Press, 2014[5] 2.Genri Vild, «Angliyadagi ingliz filologiyasi: Oksford universitetidagi imtihon maktablarida nutq so‘zlagan birinchi dars», 21 fevral 1921.[6]
Academic Journal
Mokhinur Abdurakhmonova; Shakhnoza Khodiyeva
Современные тенденции инновационного развития науки и образования в глобальном мире. 1:12-16
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Women in Quaestiones Perpetuae of Republican Rome
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V. K. Khrustalev
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2023 International Rome consensus for the nomenclature of Sjögren disease
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Ramos-Casals, Manuel; Baer, Alan N.; Brito-Zerón, María del Pilar; Hammitt, Katherine M.; Bouillot, Coralie; Retamozo, Soledad; Mackey, Alison; Yarowsky, David; Turner, Breck; Blanck, Jaime; Fisher, Benjamin A.; Akpek, Esen K.; Baldini, Chiara; Bootsma, Hendrika; Bowman, Simon J.; Dörner, Thomas; Laing, Leslie; Lieberman, Scott M.; Mariette, Xavier; Pflugfelder, Stephen C.; Sankar, Vidya; Sisó-Almirall, Antoni; Tzioufas, Athanasios G.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel; Armağan, Berkan; Bombardieri, Michele; Carsons, Steven; de Vita, Salvatore; Fox, Robert I.; Gerli, Roberto; Giacomelli, Roberto; Gottenberg, Jacques Eric; Hernández-Molina, Gabriela; Jonsson, Roland; Kruize, Aike; Kwok, Seung-Ki; Li, Xiaomei; McCoy, Sara S.; Ng, Wan-Fai; Olsson, Peter; Rischmueller, Maureen; Saraux, Alain; Scofield, R. Hal; Valim, Valéria; Vitali, Claudio; Vivino, Frederick; Wahren-Herlenius, Marie; Moutsopoulos, Haralampos M.; null, null; Akasbi, Miriam; Alunno, Alessia; Atzeni, Fabiola; Bartoloni, Elena; Bombardieri, Stefano; Bookman, Arthur; Carubbi, Francesco; Consani- Fernández, Sandra; Cornec, Divi; Devauchelle-Pensec, Valerie; Gheita, Tamer A.; Goules, Andreas; Hofauer, Benedikt; Inanc, Nevsun; Jurcut, Ciprian; Mavragani, Clio P.; Morel, Jacques; Nakamura, Takashi; Nocturne, Gaëtane; Nordmark, Gunnel; Pasoto, Sandra Gofinet; Pers, Jacques-Olivier; Praprotnik, Sonja; Priori, Roberta; Pulukool, Sandhya; Quartuccio, Luca; Rasmussen, Astrid; Romão, Vasco C.; Sebastian, Agata; Seror, Raphaèle; Solans-Laqué, Roser; Suzuki, Yasunori; Szanto, Antonia; Trevisani, Virginia Fernandes Moça; Vissink, Arjan
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Erkurgan/Naxshab y el final de la protohistoria de Sogdia: 10 ВИРТУАЛЬНАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ СОБЫТИЙ И УТЕРЯННЫХ, НЕСОХРАНИВШИХСЯ ПАМЯТНИКОВ И ОБЪЕКТОВ (В РАЗРЕЗЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ПЕРИОДОВ) ERKURGAN/NAXSHAB Y EL FINAL DE LA PROTOHISTORIA DE SOGDIA Jesús Gil Fuensanta professor, LaSEI-ICFS/UAM Muminov O.U. National University of Uzbekistan En nuestra anterior memoria preliminar de las actividades realizadas por el SURPAD en anos previos, centrabamos nuestros trabajos Erkurgan, la antigua Naxshab, cuya ocupacion es tecieron en el oasis de Tashkent (territorio de Chach) y que al contrario de Naxshab y la Sogdiana supusieron el ascenso urbano de la actual capital de Uzbekistan. Durante finales del 2019 y 2020 no nos fue posible el trabajo de campo miento, aunque si pudimos estudiar los materiales depositados en la Universidad de Tashkent, a pesar de que el grueso de la exposicion museistica se encuentra en el Museo Arqueologico de Samarcanda. Sin embargo, uno de los momentos arqueologicos con mejor informacion estratigrafica en Erkurgan/Naxshab es justo el periodo de ocupacion del edificio tripartito de Mingurik. Un contraste con la situacion arqueologica de Samarcanda/Afrosyab, el otro gran yacimiento arqueologico de la Sogdiana, durante los siglos II y III de la era cristiana, y de los que desconocemos restos arqueologicos procedentes de Samarcanda. Recordemos que poco antes de la coincidencia de Najshab y el edificio tripartito de Mingurik, y a traves de un documento escrito en arameo imperial, hacia el 348 a.C., la epoca de Artajerjes III, y descubierto en Afganistan, se encuentra la primera mencion escrita de Najshab, por el satrapa de Bactria, Ajvamazda, cuando el gobernador aqueme- nida de Hulmi, Bagavant envio tropas para reparar los muros defensivos de Nijshapaya (Naveh, Shaked 2012: no A4, 92 ss.). En Erkurgan durante las previas excavaciones dirigidas por uno de nosotros (v.gr. Suleymanov 2000) fueron descubiertos diversas construcciones tripartitas (v.gr. Mamedov 2003), incluso extramuros (Figura 5). Algunos de 11 estos edificios, con plataforma o podio, han sido identificados como templos; en ellos vemos elementos que los conectan con un posible culto al fuego y al sol, con diversas caracteristicas propias del zoroastris- mo y mitraismo. Otras construcciones por la naturaleza de los hallazgos remiten a un uso administrativo o palacial. Desde la protohistoria de la Mesopotamia, algunos edificios tripartitos tenian grandes columnas o pilares en su sala central (Heit Qasim en Obeid). Uno de los hallazgos masrealizo en la columna central de uno de estos encuentran expuestas en el museo de Samarcanda. Con la reproduccion y calco realizados (Figura 6), comprobamos que se trata de una representa- cion «oficial» que alude a una rendicion de unos personajes que portan simbolos durante el siglo I de la era cristiana. Najshab durante este periodo vivio un gran florecimiento comercial y urbano, pero sin ninguna evidencia estratigrafica de destrucciones, crema- ciones secundarias generalizadas o empobrecimiento cultural. Onsideraciones conclusivas Mingurik y su contraparte Shastepe deban haber sido levantados en epoca semejante por grupos de gentes, de tradicion cultural nomada con zoroastrico o sincretico de elementos budistas-mitraicos. Hay elementos en su ceramica que nos recuerdan a una variante cultural de la sogdiana oriental a finales del I milenio antes de la era Cristiana [19]. El antiguo Oriente, para todo edificio significado, con un caracter eminente l-religioso, y tal como revela la continuidad de Mingurik, Shastepe y los templos de Erkurgan, el criterio de continuidad topografica como sector religioso de la ciudad era una de las caracteristicas de las culturas urbanas (v.gr. Aurenche 1982). Revelan por otra parte el asentamiento en el entonces oasis de Tashkent de estos gru- pos de origen nomada y que posteriormente quedarian integrados dentro del imperio de Kushan [17]. Figura 1. Reconstruccion de Yevkurgan/Najshab, siglo I d.C., basada en las excavaciones y sondeos previos 12 Es justo el momento previo al establecimiento de la ruta de la seda de la epoca Han. Ambos edificios, Shastepe y Mingurik parece que fueron abandonados sin destruccion externa, en algun momento de los primeros siglos del primer milenio de la era cristiana. Es una epoca que coincide con la expansion del imperio de Kushan desde la antigua Bactria, y con el tuvo lugar la dispersion de las ideas del budismo Mahayana a traves de la ruta de la seda. Es en esos momentos cuando el uso religioso de Mingurik como culto solar o al fuego se desvanece de la Historia. Mingurik se construyo junto a un emplazamiento, nada casual en su a fuentes subterraneas de agua y un rio en las proximidades. Ademas, se levanto sobre un podio artificial de barro prensado, pise, como los templos de Erkurgan se construyeron sobre plataformas artificiales de otros materiales. Erkurgan durante el periodo muestra imagenes y arquitectura que conectan a esta metropoli con un profundo arraigo del Zoroastrismo. Parece que el lugar de Mingurik estuviese ligado conectado con las aguas o la fertilidad. Recordemos que desde siglos antes de la penetracion helenistica en la Sogdiana, existian representaciones de dos deidades, una masculina y otra femenina. Posiblemente por el caracter solar de los emplazamientos y su conexion con elementos de agua y fertilidad, Mingurik podria haber sido dedicado al culto de Mithra- Anahita en la epoca de su fundacion. Tal culto solar tuvo amplia dispersion en el periodo Greco-Bactriano por la Sogdiana. En aquel periodo la diosa persa de la fertilidad y las aguas, Anahita, se sincretizo con elementos del Indostan, donde su equivalente era Sarasvati Los sogdianos durante el periodo aquemenida eran de tradicion nomada, y diversas de las caracteristicas constructivas de Mingurik o Shastepe remiten a esa tradicion. Estado actual que Mingurik fuese destruido en ninguna conflagracion. Sus torres pudieron tener una funcion al estilo de la de Tell Brak: un edificio tripartito que se le adosan torres en un periodo posterior a su construccion. Los corredores recuerdan a edificios laberinticos, donde en la tradicion mesopotamica de Oriente Medio son edificios especiales, palacios o templos, o con un ambito multifun- cional, integrando incluso aspectos religiosos y seculares[16]. Los edificios circulares se asocian normalmente a una tradicion nomada en la Prehistoria y Protohistoria de Oriente Proximo. Recordemoos on la distanciatemporal y geografica, la tradicion nomada del Neolitico A ceramici Gobekli Tepe, y los edificios recintos circulares de uso ritual (cf. Gil Fuensanta, Mederos Martin 2018); pues algun interpretaciones previas pensaron en una conexion del culto a los antepasados en tales edificios (vgr Ibid). 13 Hay unonturaleza ritual implfcita y omnipresente en el edificio tripartito de Min- gurik. Las grandes capas de combustiones internas obedecen a incendios controlados de naturaleza ritual que remiten a practicas religiosas del tipo mitraico o zoroastrico en todo caso. Su abandono y presunto sellado en partes del mismo obedecerfan a un abandono ritual del lugar. Por otra parte, la prueba de la existencia de partes subterraneas en edificios semejantes y coetaneos como el de Shastepe, no solo remiten a su conexion con sectores ocultos o al profano, subterraneos propios de las practicas mitrafcas (el Mithraeum), sino a que tal sector no ha sido descubierto en el edificio tripartito de Mingurik. Y una de nuestras metas en los trabajos iniciados en el mismo, es la comprobacion de si existe tal sector subterraneo en el tepalik actual [18]. Tal como se concluyo desde la epoca de las excavaciones y sondeos arqueologicos co- menzados en 1967, mantenemos que Mingurik fue un eslabon clave en la consecucion urbana del Tashkent de la epoca. Hay ejemplos en la antiguedad de la Mesopotamia de Oriente Proximo que ciudades mesopotamicas del Bronce se articularon en un principio alrededor de tempplo plejos religiosos. Tenemos el posible caso de Arbela/Erbil (Norte de Irak) que en el paso del bronce antiguo al medio pudo cambiar su posicion central desde un viejo santuario calcolfiico en el museo actual (Qalinj Agha), junto a un caudal de ri'o o aguas subterra- neas, hasta la ciudadela actual, en uso desde el Bronce Medio. Bibliografia 1. Alimova, D.A., Filanovich, M.I. (2009): Toshkent Tarihi (lyadim davlardan Bugungi Kungach). Tashkent: Art Fleks. 2. Aurenche, O. (1982): «A l’origine du temple et du palais dans les civilisations anciennes de la Mesopotamie», en E. Levy (ed.), Le systeme palatial en Orient, en Grece et a Rome (Strasbourg, 1985), Ktema, 7, 239-243. 3. Buryakov, Y.F. (1956): «Gorodishche Ming-Uryuk v Tashkente», Tashkent, Trudy SAGU (Arkheologiya Sredney Azii), Izdatel’stvo SAGU, 121-132. 4. Buryakov,Y.F, Zil'per, D.G. (1960): «Arkheologicheskiye nablyudeniya v 1957g. na gorodishche Ming-Uryuk v Tashkente», Tashkent, Figura 2. Relieve de la columna occidental del templo tripartito de Yevkurgan/Najshab, siglo I d.C. 14 Trudy TashGU, 172. 5. Bogomolov, G., Il’yasova, S. K (2010): «Diskussii o zdaniyakh s krestoobraznoy planirovkoy v Chache», Traditsii Vostoka i Zapada v antichnoy kul’ture Sredney Azii (Sbornik statey v chest’ Polya Bernara); Pod redaktsiyey Kazima Abdullayeva, Samarkand, Noshirlik yog'dusi, 106116. I 6. Filanovich, M.I. (1982): U istokov drevney kul’tury Tashkenta, Tashkent, Fan. 7. Filanovich, M.I. (2010): Drevnyaya i srednevekovaya istoriya Tashkenta v arkheologicheskikh istoch- nikakh. Tashkent. 8. Gil Fuensanta, J., Mederos, A. (2018): «The Late PPNB ‘World’ Systems in Northern Mesopotamia and South Levant: Agglomeration, control of Long-Distance Exchange and the Transition of Early Religious Centers to Central Villages», en L. Berrocal, A. Mederos, L. Ruano (eds.), Ex Lectione Doctrina. Homenaje a la profesora Isabel Rubio de Miguel. Anejos a Cuadernos de Prehistoriay Arqueolog^a de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 3, 45-68. 9. Mamedov, M. (2003): Drevnyaya arkhitektura Baktrii i Margiany. Ashkhabad. 10. Masson, M. Y. (1954): Proshloye Tashkenta. Izvestia AN RUz, 2. 11. Nurulin, T.S. (2012): Astronomicheskiye poznaniya v arkhitekture Drevnego Tashkenta. Tashkent: Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Uzbekistana, 1. 12. Naveh, J. y Shaked, S. (2012): Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria (Studies in the Khalilli 13. Collection). Londres: Khalilli Collection. 14. Suleymanov, R. Kh. (2000): Drevnii Nakhshab, Problemy tsivilizatsii Uzbekistana VII v. do VII v. n. e. Tashkent: Fan. 15. Zil’per, D.G. (1978): Dvortsovyy kompleks gorodishcha Ming-Uryuk v Tashkente. Ashkhabad, Is- toriya i arkheologiya Sredney Azii. ҚАДИМГИ ДАВРНИНГ ТАРИХИЙ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯСИ МАСАЛАЛАРИ Эгамбердиева Н.А. т.ф.д., доц., Тошкент давлат педагогика университети Тарих – ижтимоий ҳаёт тарзини ўзида акс эттирувчи кишилик жамиятининг ўтмишидир. Тарих бўлган воқеаларнинг ёритибгина қолмай, ундан сабоқ чиқаришга ва келажакни башорат қилишга ҳам имкон беради. Шу жиҳатдан қараганда, тарихни объектив ва ҳаққоний ўрганиш хар бир даврнинг долзарб масаласи бўлиб келган. Шунингдек, тарих давлатнинг ўзига хос сиёсий қуроли ҳамдир, бу жамиятда ҳукмрон бўлган мафкурани
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Jesús Fuensanta; O Muminov
Значение цифровых технологий в изучении истории Узбекистана. 1:10-14
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231The divergent epistolary cultures of greece and rome 400 BCE–400 CE
Book
Roy K. Gibson
Commenting on the Past ISBN: 9783110777819
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