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Book
Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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t lo wnegn -t tieertmhicnecnrteuarsyei ( nFp ig re u c re ip i 2 ta .6 ti ) o , n , btuhtebpe ro ca buasbe il it oyfoafm ev o id deenl ce priosjn ec ottioynest conclusive. Some coupled climate ddirfofu er gehntt , f m or eatshueretdwo in paeb ri sood lu s. teArasiinm fa illlaraim nc oruen as ts e , iinst im opbae ct on drought in in sdoim ca e te patrh ts atofatnheaw nt ohrrlodpiosg li ekneilcyA ra u in sfta ra ll l ia f o in rtahegl iven state of evident in the twenty-first century. This can 1996b). ast twenty-five EyN ea S rs O ( N is ic hsoelelnseotvaelr . p ar aitstee rn fr somd ire cchtalnyge fo s rc iend th beyacthm an ogsepsheirn ic gcrierecnuh la otu io sne fou Inndf the N gases and other pollutants, possible changes in the affect th oertcro op hoerrtehntAm tl ualn ti tic, new evidence has been behaviour of ENSO (for which the evidence is Allen 1997). P ic o a te lnatn ia dlem xt arn at nruoaplicvaalrioac ti e ons in SS echanisms for asnuc ( hSu va tt roTn that iati aonndsd co ir netcrtadiincftloureyncaetporfesweanrtm ), in ogrm on er etlhye be su ca rf uasceeowfattheerN are orb th ei nAgtf la onutn ic d ( s G ea r ot szunre fa rceeta te l. m1p9e9r8a ) tu . rVe ar biin at vioolnvsinignr in al is ceraenac , gse. In th iv ein in graanine latter situation, given no or little Arctic regions have also long been su ifnaclrl, eassuemdm te enrdseoniclymtooisdtruoruegdhetf . icFir ts o m ca nam in o tr d ig euh in as gbeeveindefnocuendofthaatchoausplse ig dnioscpeeacnt -ed. Recently, ‘meteorological drought’ perspective, comb ficant aptom te onstp ia hletroeseyxspteecm te a d ti cianlc ly re raesd es u c in e p th oepu ra la in ti f o al n l , dseufc ic hiecnhcayng in eesdcw ou it lhda sc ff a e le cst ( t D he e lw cl o im rth at eeto al f . E 19 urope on multidecadal time at which society becomes stressed by the atshsroecsihao te ld dvCahra ia ntg io et al. (1997) have 9 id 7 e ) n . tIin fi e th dedtercoapdiaclaltiAmte la sncta ic le , p ag o r li itciuclatlutreanl si aonnds ( hRyodd ro dlaog1i9c9a5l ). droughts, leading to n so o m rt ehancnsodn in tr soautdhipto ro le pio ca flSA ST tl aann ti ocm , aallitehsoubg et hwteheenrethies pro Fgirna ally, the pr oversy about this dipole (Enfield and framew mom rk enh ec aessa sa m ev o io nugsliy ts m ob ejn ec ti t o iv neesdanWiM nte O r na CtL io InPaSldMeacyaedral1v9a9 ri 7 a ) ti . onSsuicnh ra vianrfiaaltlio in nsboctohulndor be linked to information and pr rey to th Africa and to the d dic t e io nnh . anTcheesaendacptr iv oim tie ostewcillilm li antke nor O th neaasgtlBorbaazlils , caallteh , o th uegrhetihseallsaottaemraprleeneovt id setn ro cnegt . hat V se O rv SeTsewvreoruaglhAtfm ric oanni to co ri unngtrc ie esn . tr T es hea lr IeRaIdyan se dtP up R O to ­ sdyesctaedmalcaanndsloom ng eetr im -sc easle co v n ar fioaubn ility in the climate more tho i u ll gahltsoiswboerikngtogw iv aerndtto hese objectives. Much climate s d the interannual climate data information and isnetaesgornaatli ng p re h d is itcotriiocnaslW tro apridca ( l1w9 ig 9n7a ) l . id Feonrtiifnystaanscte ro , nFgo lland et al. (1991) and within the context of how drought forecasts could be may be lin eksetdAtforivcaarniarta io in nfsaliln . T th h m ey u lt sipdeeccualdaatl signal in used, especially in developing countries (Frederick H. circu e global ther e m th oahtaltihniesM of . th Seesmeaizszsiu , epsearrseonda is lccuosm se mdu in nidceatta io il n f , o1r9n9o7r ) t . hSA ev f e ri rcaallsaotm io enlah ti aosn of the oceans. The thermohaline circu­ in Hulme et al. (1992a and 1992b). Here clima­ the Soouftthhtee he rnNpoortHtehnetrinalH to e m change the temperature of tologists, hydrologists, economists, and sociologists ti emisphere is opch ea e n re soocne an msurle ti la dteicvaedtaolscoacm ie e t al toig ss eutehserthtaotm id aeyntairfiysesoonmceero ea f so th nea bl cyom sk p il lfeuxlienvmeer scales (Sc cre , as leasr ge in -s ca hlesinge tr loe po asnpthhrraonpdogReanm ic anekfufte ty 1994). H eric aerosols, m cts o st rleyl at iend ow to ­ drought forecasts become possible. Northern the the A se dviasrciu at
Book
Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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upstream portion of a river basin can also extend For example, the supply of some economic good ldo ownstream as reduced streamflow may result in (e.g., water, hay, hydroelectric power) is weather n lo o c we tateirorxness , erevvoeinratnhdouggrhoum ndwater levels at downstream dependent. In most instances, the dema ist in this portion oef te tohreolboagsiicna . lRde ro duug ct h io tndsoe in sagn oo d d /o irsipnecrrecaasp in it gaacsoansru es mup lt tioofni . n T cr heearse in fo grnpd for tha e, opdu ro la utg io hnt reservoir and groundwater levels in downstream could be defined as occurring when the demand for tppuob rt liiocns of th duction, wraetcerre basin e at siuopnp , l ie msa , y h re ysdurlote in s transportati loenc , terr ic io us p o im w pacts on that good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-ot agricultu erre , parnod ­ rceelpatteodfsdurpopu ly ghstho su rt p fa plol rt ( sSatnhde fo srtd ro n1g97s9y ) m . b T io hsiissctohn at ­ m str heearms ectors. Conflicts between upstream and down­ exists between drought and human activities. Thus, 19 a9n4yfr wa o iv retrerb use an eaxsa in rss may mpl ienftrhree su U lt, as has been the case in the incidence of drought could increase be om th nei te MdisS so ta utreisR ( isveeerBOapsp in e ) r . cchha an ng gee in in so th ci e e ta flrevquu ln en er cayb il o it fytthoewpah te yrsischaolcaeuvseenot, faaw In h te errneartiivoen rs altrw an astceernddisnpau ti te osnaolfb te onrdaerriss , e su in chsiatsu atio rtages, or Middle East or between the United States ina th nesb ov o e th rg . r For example, nd increas aezs in o g il cea ro nsd io e n cr epao se oran la im nd a -l ucsaer ry pr in ac g tice , which exacerbates th ceaipsacsiu ty chanads Me T xi hceo . discussion up to this point has focused on the a es npdecviu al llnyerraeblielv it aynttoin fu t s ure droughts. This e m xa p m ac ptlseo is fodn is ste inctions between the types of drought during its Africa, Australia) and e in miaarre id a s re ogfiohnis ll y ( e o .g r ., sl Soopu in th g phase t or development pha drough otfd ty rpoeusgm ht a , y th deififnetre . rsree . l a During the termination terrain (e.g., Lesotho). understanding the termin Faitg io u ti roe nships between these During drought onset, agricul n tu p1h . a4se is sao ls fodurso ef uuglhitn
Book
Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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m (e o .g s . t , cPoin tt s o is ctke nt 19w7i5 th , rainfall in the east and north negative values of the SOI usually coincide Ropelewski and Halpe M rt c1B9r8 id 7eanadnd19N 89 ic ) h . o R ll asi nf 1a9 ll 8 3 in , w cr iodpesypiree ld asd ( d N ro ic uhgoh ll t s ( 1F9 ig 8u5r ) e . T 3. h1e ) , c w or hrieclha ti l o ea ndsbettowwl ith the west is less strongly related to phenomenon. the year-to-year differences in yield and the ann eoewntNeim ch poelrlastu ( r 1989a) identified a pattern of sea ual rainfall fluc etuvaa ti r o ia nts io innitnhe th ceen In tr dailan an Odcseoaunthreer la stuerd fa c to e S is OI is 0 n parts Osc a il m la p ti le .4 6 e ( v n id = en4c0e ; stih gn at if ic tahnet at E1lpN er incoe -n S t) o . u T th heerrnetooftthheecEolnN tin in eon -t S . oTuhtihsep rn a tt O er snc il ilsato io n n ly awnedakalpyp related (e.g., N o ic n affects Australian wildlife and vegetation be a somewhat independent factor af efaercst in to g N na itcihvoe ll Asu1h9o8 ll 6 s , 1N9i8 ch 9obl , lsL1 im 99 p 1 us ). aFnodrN in iscthaonlcles , 1m9a8n8y , Aus N tr oat lian rainfall. severe, stralian plants are remarkably tolerant of climate, tshue rp E ri lsiN ng in ly o , -S g o iv u e th n er i n ts Oesfc fe il cltast io onn ha Asuastm ra a li jaonro fr reqauveon id ex t an tens se cvee iv st erad te rgoiuegsha ts r . e W es eslel-nd ti eavl el boepceadusteo le orfan th ceeF im ig puarcet3o . n2cs ro re dr ho pwysiteilm ds e , sneartiievseovfew ge hteaattioyn ie , ladns, daw ve il rdalg if eed . Sou H th oew rn Oscillation o . ughts caused by the El Nino-across Australia, and the SOI. The year-to-year dif­ Australia n we crle im atthee se a nd r ela tth io e nsh EilpsNb in e o tw -S e o en u the th rn e f th er eenecfe fe sctisno th fet re tw nd osvaan riables are plotted, to remove Oscillation uncovered? How have we progressed to duction of new cultivars d . cThhaengreeslas ti uocnhshaisptihseci le natrro -­ rNoiunto in -S eoiu ss tuhienrgnoOfsccillilm at a io te n ? forecasts, based on the El
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Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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h it Drought igohccausrsw in el v is i rt a normal l as ulao ll wya ra ll i , re ncfla im curring featur ll a a ti rcearse . g I im t e is s . e I of climate; severity levels) and the vulnerability of society to the aberration, atteom cc puorrsariyniesveanrt. esTuh lt e o na fttuhrealoecvceunrtre (i n .e c . e , m of etpeeorrsoilso te g n ic tallad rg ro e-usgch al t e ) m rai annfe al nltafreeaatsu in r contr . Meaonfythpe ast to eocp li lmeaatseara id nid ty , i s which is sociate th re estorc ic ctuerdtao per­ disruptions in the global circulation pattern of the dr rence lo owftah tm er oesp is helrie td . e E , xipfoasnuy re th tiongd , ro th uagthtwvearc ie asnsd pa o t ia to ll yaa lt nedrm Pl oaoiurngs ht wedo if f f ic N ith most of Auo lt rythv is A ua m li esri ic f a ri , caa , nIdn ng droug d A ia u , s C tra h l ina, ht in So ia u ; th tthheey Great drought occurrence. Vulnerability, on the other hand, B east A ha si vae , d is e m de otgerrampihniecd ch bayrascotceira is l ti fcasc , to treschsnuoclhogays , ppoop li u cy la , ti aonnd , rTerhgaizo il, wes is nfsacpt erc tern Euro em e p iv heads is beyspme, anoyrttohehae both the vaes te arsn Uni region uarlplauns te odfS tates, social behaviour. These factors change over time, and nature of d re w la attievre . r th es upsonvsue ln teoratbhielsie ty c h is a n li gkeesl . yStuobs increase or decrease in cussed in mdo ro re ugdh et t a , il a la cthearriancttehriisstc ic hatph te art . will be dis­ isdaemne ti c re agl io in n w in il tlenhsaiv ty e , did ff uerraetn io tneefqfu ec etnst , d ev ro eungihfttshe in ytahree in D th reouagm ht oiusn th teocfonpsreeqcu ip ein ta cteioonfarencae tu iv readl re odvuecrt io anntcehra is ntg ic esd , because societal char , acatned ri st sipcas tia w l il c l ha hraavce ­ leexntg en th d , e d al tpheoru io gdhoofth ti emrec , li u m su a a ti l c ly faacs to erasso ( nsuocrhm as orheigihnvdu is lcnuesrsab . th ilHe it ow sye to ev ac derro , umg uch can be d tions fhrto , m an mdasnuybs one reeqgue to ntlecshsaepnt societal te ional and edrisscw ip il ­ l w ar mepoefr te a n tures, high winds, and low relative humidity) linary perspectives. th oerledv and a c ss aoncisaitgendi fi w ca it nht ly it aigngrm av aantyertehgeiosnesveo ri f ty thoeftphre in criapeanlt. Dr iny sseeaassoonugohfto is c als on, occu c r ur o re rneclea , teddeltaoysthienttihmeinsg ta r ( t i. e o ., f Because drought affects so many economic and social p th ri encriapianlsc ( rio . p e. , grroaw in tfh al lstraegnecse ) aonf rains in relation to intensity d , n the effectiveness of a se vca to ri rest , yscoofreds is coifpld in ef eisn . it Iinonasdhda it vieonb , ebeencaduesveeldorpoeudgbhyte cl viemna ts ti ) c . T ch haursa , c te eraicsh ti cs d ro aungdhtimypeaacruimsbuenr iq oufe ra iinn fa it lsltohcecug rs lo w be it , h in vaa ry l ing frequency in nearly all regions of Magalhaes ts. For example, developed and ltdyepvees lo opfinegc on coomuinctrs ie yss tem al s i , kea , ndth in e y cl eiam rs attihcadt if ofeetreanl. c e ( s19b8e8 tw ) eheanvef iv v e iv c id olnysp ec o u in ti tveeddoruotug th heta id peporlooagcihceasltdaik ff eenretnoce define it also reflect regional and and ccurred in northe s (Wilhite 1992). Impacts also timin 1g9o8f3r , ai nno fa ti lnlg an d th iemcpraic ti tcsaalstliB nk ra azgielsb . ebtew tw ee enen19t7h9esdo if cfieert al spcaotn ia tlelxytaonfdd ro te umgphot. raA ll y u , ni dveep rs eanldd in e g fi ni o ti nonthoef dur D at riooung , hitntseenvse it r y it , y a is nddegpeeongdreanpthin ca olto ex nl t y en tonof the dGrloaung tz h t ( 1i9s 85 an ) cuonnrcelau listic expectation. Wilhite and specific dro a should reflect a regio dneadltbhia as tdse in fi cnei ti w on at serofsudp ro p u ly g h is twmaatdeerbsyuphpu li m ug ahnt ac etp iv is i o ti d es e , anbdutveag ls e o ta t o io nntohneadreem gi aonnd ’ s s larg D el eyfianiftu io nncst io onfdorfocu li gmhat ti ccan re gbiemcea . tegorised broadly wi es. The soc th ie ty it , s ec f o ar n -o re mayc , hianngcdhiaem ra pca te crtiss , t ic msao ke fdirtos ug ef hfte , ctaslo nviron onngaGs la enittzh er 19c8o5n ). c ep Ctoun al c ep otruaol pe dreaftiinoin ti aolns ( W ar i e lh it oefatnhde not M im an pyo ss piebo le p , letociodn en si t d if eyradnrdomq ent uugahntt if dty if o . ficult, though dictionary t be largely atdheesccro ip ntc io enptyopfe , d generally defining of th ro e ug p h he t, naonmdetnhouns . the boundarie a F re orgeenxearm ic pilne , thseo ir frneaatlu it rya , l or the compone dnrpohu ysical t. Tghhet ri h ev as e nt b . oFtihg ur ae1n .3 atiu ll ruasl tra atn es d th saotc , iianlE 19 n 9 cy 6 c ) lo dpeefd in ia e sk associated wsodfroCulg im ht a te as a ‘a nndeW xt eeantdheedrp (S e c ri hondei -d er atrh eg e io enveinsta ( p i. reo ., dupc ro tboafbb il o it tyho th feoc re i g th iodnr ’ osuegxhptos fo urrean to yrseelaasto iv n e , taoytehaer , stoar ti sste ic vaelramluyletairysea -r omfedaenfifcoirenatre ra giinofn all currence at various These types of definitions are useful for furthering ’
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Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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ahcutm io annslairfee , m pr oosptee rt f y fe , c a ti nvdep if roddo uctive capacity. These is a critical element of the hydrological system. fervoem nt . o T ne hena ty tu preaslohrafzoarrmdstoofam no it n ig eaitn io nadavcat nce of the Information on the status of snowpack conditions can m ther. Droug iv hitt -i reeslavtaerdyfporroevciadsets co onfsb id e e lo ra w b -le noardmvaalncse tr dealm ea f d lo t w im aend fo rrerseelr ia vbolierf th ro it m ig ati e in tshioosne act diou u s se io dnfsoraroet , h e for the most part, different levels. gation is the indaetnutrie fi coaf ti ohran za artd ural hazards because of •Monitoring and early warning refers to activities with previous droughts a n of t . heAifm ir psatcsttsepa ss in ocm iat i e ti d ­ tdheacti si pornovm id aekeirnsfo at r m al a l ti l o ev neltsho at ftchaenobneseutsoefddtroouaglhetr . t w th ietshefium tu praectds ro (a ungdhtotehvee rs n ) daarnea li skseelsysm to enbteoafsw so hcei ther This information can be used by planners, emergency actions can be identifie n d ts. From this point, spec aitfeidcimmapnlaegmee rs n , tpporlo ic g y ra amnmdedsecainsd io pnom lic aikees rs th , aatnwd il o l th he elrpsttooo fu f t ur im epdarcotus gh atsseovceinattse . d Pa rttoIV re edm uc pehatsh is eesim th peacr ts of reduce the risk associated with the hazard. Moni­ geographical settings as wwie th ll adsrom ug et hhtodionl og viaerasinoguest to doa ri cat tia ng activities include the collection and analysis of quantify these impacts. Part V considers adjustment user o , ndo at fadaptraodpu ro cdtudcetvsetloopdm ec einsti , onanmdak th e e rs caonmdm ot uhneir ­ a an nddaPdaarpt ta V ti Ioncosn tr caetn eg tr iaetsesemopnlopyreedpatroed re ndeu ss cem im et phaocd ts ­ h in aza s r . dDsabtuat in a cludes not only physical data related to olo the definit lisoon so ocfiavlualn ne drabb io il lio ty g . icA al d co a m ta ptrheahtenassisv is ethgaavtg io ie n s , pr iong st ria tu m ti m on es alaanrdr an a g ct eim on esn , ts a /c nadpapco it liiecs ie , s miti­ drought monitoring system would include the collec­ imp e a ct bseo en f dr oorugchotu . ld be employed to reduce th th aetp ti roenc ip o it f a tio cl n i ) maastow lo el gliacsals tre daam ta f lo ( w e. , g r . e , se trevm oi prearnad tu grreouanndd ­ t • oPrienpcarreeadsneestshe re fleervseltoofprreedaidsiansetsesraocr tivities designed w se a n ter levels, soil moisture, snowpack, and remo improve oper­ cast ssedodfataagfrriocm satellites. This information is useful in ftoerley ­ aan ti on eamlearngdenicnys tit ( uet . igo ., naelacra ly p ab w il air ti neisng fo rsryess te p m on s, d in ogpetro ­ itnod ri i n ce gsatnodte ra acru ly ltw ur aarlnianngdtehcyhdnrioqluoegsi , cianlcldurdoiungghtth . e M us oeno i­ f u at sieofnuallfpolrands) e . no Fto in rgdrpor ught, contingency plans are them in a histo kriccu al rrent d ogrammatic responsibilities; contex ro t, u is g h th teco su nbdjie ti cotnosfaPnadrttIoIIv . iew p im ol p ic rioevsinbgetiw nf eoernmaatn io dnw fl iotw hi nonlesveev ls e ri o ty, im and coordination between levels of gov fergnomv pac eenrtn ts m , ean nd . t; d •P ec re is diiocn ti / opnolriecfyermsatkoerascw tiv it it hieasdtvhaantcepd ro fvoirdeecauss ts eros and D f the m sh a ro l ught i oul pdarntoosfan th i e nsidi t be vi ecw li e m ou aste nat d as m of ural hazard tha erveilrytuaalp ly hyaslilcarletg is pihoaensn no . omIrt ­ o ­ a fo crcm ur s r , ebnu ce tporfodbraobu il g it hyt . These forecasts can take many enon. Rather, drought is the result of an interplay p n re ddi in ct tieonnss it . yoFrorseecvaes ri ttyo ) fiso ccurrenc accu ursaucay ll yiaes so (t c im iat e e , ddw ura s highly viatrh ti o th n e , w be attw er eesnua natural event and the demand placed on between natural iable be consi pdpelryedbyrh el uam tiv aen -u to se ssoym ste emlso . nDg-rtoeurgmhtasvheo ra u g ld eidm ro puogrh ta ts ntincom ns oishtapzaarrtdssoafntdhe is w pa orrtlidc . ulLae rl deration for drought fore aydltiimm it eed is f a or condition of balance between precipitation and so d casts as well n , eva M po atnry an dsepfiirnaittiioonn . s of drought exist; it is unrealistic a in ncdorepco is riaotnem th akers are given ample opportunity to to expect a universal definition to be derived. Th the imple imseinntfao ti romnato io fnmiin ti g p at liaonnn in pr gogsrta ra m te mge ie s s . sDpreocu ti g ve htc as anfboe ll ogw ro s: u pe mdetbeyortoylpoegiocfald , isc hiypd li rnoalroygipcearl ­ , c lo agse ts reof is m al estoeoarno lo im gi pcoarl ta d n ro tudg is httinacn ti don th boe se tw oefenhyfdorroe -­ ian gric ical drought, especially in regions where snowpack so cco io rup ltur ec o o ra ntaels , d an omic if d f fe re snotc ioeco actors ipnhy it s n ic oaml, ic b . s defini io E lo agcihc al, d is a cipline tion. It mu nsdt /o be r
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Droughts ISBN: 9781315830896
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Commentary on: 'Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.' Kwon ED, Drake CG, Scher HI, Fizazi K, Bossi A, van den Eertwegh AJ, Krainer M, Houede N, Santos R, Mahammedi H, Ng S, Maio M, Franke FA, Sundar S, Agarwal N, Bergman AM, Ciuleanu TE, Korbenfeld E, Sengeløv L, Hansen S, Logothetis C, Beer TM, McHenry MB, Gagnier P, Liu D, Gerritsen WR, CA184-043 Investigators. Departments of Urology and Immunology and Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, Electronic address: kwon.eugene@mayo.edu; Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Vienna General Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France; CHU Caremeau, Nimes, France; Centro Médico Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia; University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy; Hospital de Caridade de Ijuí, Ijuí, Brazil; Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Netherlands Cancer Institute and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Oncology Ion Chiricuta and University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT, USA; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Donald, Trump
Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. 34:249-250
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 (8) Calculate the distance of the corresponding block by ,   ， ， image to be retrieved, and image is the image   in stpo ac e e ig ihnt to pa eritgsh ; tbpoa th rt s s ; at buortahtisoan tu asnpd ace and submitted by users. brightne bsrs ig apacsrecepeiadnicitnevotioaedrieegdihgdtihinvtptiaopdraetrshdt ; rsie ; bneob to tphtathhrstarsseta . uetTrupahrtaeirtoitnos. n h sp esapn Tc a h ee ang adn dy scale of an image is divide d into 16 compos ceotm he po bsrbeirgtihhgtehntqenuseassns zsqepsduapactneocteiazraneerdeodntidoveii -v adin one-dim n ensional e d im dedeinitnsoitotnhtarhle ree pa pratrst . s T . T he h n en  vector： vector： co c m om po psoesethte he qu qaunatnitziezdedtotoanano one-d ne-dim ea n e is s o ve vcetco ： r： nitsegaenria nteger and eL  it sH 9 r n 3 g eS  i sV betw ( e1e ) n 0 an d16. (  (10) 71 The 7n1cTah lc eunla nad th e t its range is between 0 and tionietnetgee aenx tr baec te edx tr farcotm ed tfhre om the histogra h m is to ogbr7ta1a7mi1nTeodThbehtne7an2 in ceachdlaaclnuc7dlua2llteae . theaT hdteolteno . gdegTitevhtieadnneandotihnoveen id -e d e -i d m mhey ast mbiao ttri Mma asayn yaixp amsmaeutereemtreserosafcsuacinramenabgobefeietmexextaxrtgtuarecraetcettd ex dtfurfrorem om th t e he image sipmaacgeeihnsihptsoitasoct3goe * rga3irnmatbmoloo3cbo * ktb3sat , iabnialennodedcdkc7sa , 27l2acnuhdlhanatcednaldltechl . eue . la T idfvioeivadfiteduere th sfteh ea ettuoressysqmyumab to nibotiitozitcqeicum an miamttiarzatierg aisam euo mat rege rue each bl eoacckh . b E im laiomcachgkaeg . seusEpbsaap -c cahebcelsionucitnbkot -o 3hb * 3als3 * o3cbtkhlboelhcoakscsask , s t , ahneadnsdcaamc lc elucluianltai 0ettPi hletehd 4ee 0es efsuaesmta 1out 3rmrus 5eras zmte oe a1qr4 aue tni iesz4 ec okfi dae ai egt ets weight. w W ei hgehnte . aecWaahclhcbeunbloalctocikcan . klgc . EutlEhaaceathicnhg su stbuh -b e -b slbiomlcoim la erk ck h it iyn , itia hsastwhteheleasadsma ju emexstepirneiinsts it eaitxlahplere te sPxsPrttuehrdreeedtceoeecfxsetassuonsrroeisrmossafugsamuenm . iCmaoramirgzimeez . deoCdn1ol41ym4umksikoenidnlsdaysreoufso aae uetruers es to to the wei tghhetswoewfiwgeehiegatischghto . t f . sWuWebha -e chbnhelonscuakclbs -im acluc bl iolc arity, we ad sluianltaigtnkign th ugteshitnehregsleitsmvh im aej us inliarclretaeilrteiytv , y a , wnewceneeeardgajdyu , jesuntseetrng tr yeo , xpepxyerp , enrsetsrtsohstpehtyeh , etmetxetohtxmuetrueernemotfoofamonafeninmitimnaegaoregtf . ieaC . Cionmoaenmrd ti moanolnyalynudsuesdedarae re feedbac f k ee mdebtahtchotkehdemswiewnetihetgiohhgdithssstpsionafoptfeheriae . scaphcahpsuesrbu . -b b -l bolcokckusuisnig ng th teherienrleteelveradvneacpnienectneedredneecpneyeen . nredgreygn , y c , y e . netnrtorpoyp , y , th tehemm om om en etnt of o f in ienretritaia an a d nd Suppos Seuipmfpefaoegdseeebda ehitiomhsdoastdghsieenintiomhtihasbigsepeaprpae to e pe . b r. e retrieved in Energy: E n It eirniigstneytr : etdhrIdetpeepm is needntaedhsneucnrycem . y e . oaf su th re eouf ni tfhoe rm uin ty if oorf mity of the im tahgee image d trieved in data SbSu as puepa , optsaoaebsneadisme im , a im gaaeganeg isiism th tiaehsgeiem submitted by users. The 72 handle tihmaegaeigse to tthoc ol iomrahgbeee be irmerteargtgirreeiaveyevdleedvigneirlna . y level E . E ne nregryg : y : ItItisisthtehemm ea esausruereof of th teheu 2nu fiof iyt oth f o submitted by tuhtseheerism . im aTgahegee7d2adtaahtbaanbsdaesl , e , caonaldnodrihmiimsatgaoege ram is is tiosgtrh e im im ag aeg gr garyay le lveevle . l. (5) vector and (where i = 1, 2... 9) of each sub- pd e  stand ard  (5) vector and susbumb (w m it hittetdreedbiyby = usu1es , resr2 . s . . . T . Th9eh ) e7o27f2heahncahdnldesluecboc -l oolrorhihsitsotgorgarm am y E : n E tr notp ro y p : Entr information y is a
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Network Security and Communication Engineering ISBN: 9780429226120
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