부산대학교 도서관

ABSTRACTA Study on the Pillar-wall Structures of the Korean Peninsular Kim, Heon Dept. of Cultural Anthropology The Graduate School Hanyang University The purpose of this research is to classify pillar-wall structures(壁柱建物) according to the functional use of the pillars and to conduct structural explanation on the multi-pillar structures(多主柱建物) that are newly classified from pillar-wall structures and to study its emergence and extinction and the relations with the multi-pillar structures that are confirmed in the surrounding nations and to present the characteristics of the structures in the Baekje Ungjin and Sabi period and their spatial-temporal connections. First, based on the functions and arrangements of the pillars, the pillar-wall structures were classified into crest-pillar structures(棟持柱建物), master-pillar structures(主柱建物), and multi-pillar structures. Of these, the multi-pillar structures were reclassified and concretize into dig-pillar hole types(堀立柱式) and cornerstone types(礎石式), based on the infrastructure before pillars were installed. The structural characteristics of the multi-pillar structures are to build them by erecting the pillars using several pieces of wood with the same diameter and build walls using stones, clay, and roof tiles among pillars so that the pillars are not seen in the outside and the inside and the four walls built like this support the weight of the roof. Also the plain forms of multi-pillar structures are mostly rectangular. And they are classified into dig pillar hole types and cornerstone types. The emergence and extinction and transition stages of the multi-pillar structures are as follows. In A.D.475, due to Goguryeo’s southward advancement, Baekje moved its capital from Hanseong to Ungjin. The dig pillar hole type multi-pillar structures were found to have been used in A.D. 475 on the historic site of Jeongji Mountain and during the capital transfer to Sabi in A.D.538, many dig pillar hole type multi-pillar structures were prevalent in the Buyeo and Iksan regions and these developed gradually and the dig pillar hole type multi-pillar structures in which the eave-space was installed in the front and put the roof tiles emerged and continued to be used until the fall of Baekje in A.D.660. The cornerstone type multi-pillar structures were first built in Neungsan-ri temple site in A.D.567, and in the Wanggung-ri site they were used from latter part of the 6th century to the early part of the 7th century, I. e. from the early stage of building the palace to the stage of moving to the temples. The multi-pillar structures in the Mireuk temple site continued to be used until the period of united Silla since they were first built in A.D.639, and the multi-pillar structures in Gyeongju Gameun temple site were built in the early period of Goryeo and the cornerstone multi-pillar structures are thought to be maintained and used for a long period of time from the period of Baekje Ungjin·Sabi period to the Gryeo era. To briefly explain the emergence, extinction and transition process of the multi-pillar structures, the dig pillar hole type multi-pillar structures emerged in the Baekje Ungjin period (the latter part of the 5th century) and developed into the structures that used the eave-space and roof tiles in the Sabi period and continued to be used until the fall of Baekje, and in the Baekje Sabi period, new cornerstone type multi-pillar structures emerged in Buyeo Neungsan-ri temple site and were used as the structures related to royal families and temples and were used until the united Silla and Goryeo eras. Japanese pillar-wall structures which were chronologically earlier than those in Korea were found in the historical sites of Nara Prefecture Nango and Osaka Nagahara. Their plane structural forms are classified into crest-pillar structures and master-pillar structures according to this researcher’s classification and these structures precede multi-pillar structures. Cornerstone type multi-pillar structures were used as the structures of royal families and temples. The cornerstone type multi-pillar structures found in Pyeongyang, the northern regions of China, and Russia were also related to royal families and temples, so it is considered that, although there are chronological and geographical differences, there will be relations with one another in the characters and use of the structures.
國文要旨 본 硏究는 壁柱建物을 기둥의 機能的 用途에 따라 새롭게 分類하고, 壁柱建物에서 새롭게 분류된 多主柱建物에 대한 構造的 說明과 出現에서 消滅, 周邊國에서 확인되는 多主柱建物과의 연관성에 대해 硏究하여, 百濟 熊津·泗沘期 建物의 特徵과 時·空間的 연결성을 提示하고자 하는데 目的이 있다. 먼저 기둥의 機能과 配置를 基準으로 壁柱建物을 棟持柱建物, 主柱建物, 多主柱建物로 소분류하였다. 이중 多主柱建物은 기둥을 설치하기 전 하부구조를 基準으로 堀立柱式과 礎石式으로 재분류하여 구체화 하였다. 多主柱建物의 構造的 特徵을 살펴보면 같은 直徑의 木材를 여러 개 사용하여 기둥을 세우고 기둥과 기둥사이는 石材와 粘土, 기와를 사용하여 벽체를 만들어 外部와 內部에서 기둥이 보이지 않게 築造하는 方式이며, 이렇게 만들어진 네 벽으로 지붕의 荷重을 견디는 形式을 말한다. 또한 多主柱建物의 平面 形態는 대부분 正方形을 이루고 있다. 그리고 하부 구조에 따라 堀立柱式과 礎石式으로 나뉜다. 多主柱建物의 出現에서 消滅, 變遷段階는 다음과 같다. 475년 百濟는 高句麗의 南進으로 漢城에서 熊津으로 遷都를 한다. 堀立柱式 多主柱建物은 공주에 入城하는 475년 정지산 유적에서부터 사용되었으며, 538년 泗沘로 遷都를 하면서 扶餘와 益山地域에서 많은 堀立柱式 多主柱建物의 築造가 성행하였고, 점점 발전되어 前方에 退間을 설치하고 기와를 올린 堀立柱式 多主柱建物이 出現하여 660년 百濟 폐망까지 사용되었을 것이다. 礎石式 多主柱建物은 567년 陵山里寺址에서 처음으로 축조되었으며, 익산 王宮里遺蹟에서는 6세기 후반에서 7세기 전기 즉, 궁성 초축 단계에서 궁성에서 사찰의 이행단계까지 사용되었다. 미륵사의 多主柱建物은 639년 創建 이후 統一新羅時代까지 계속 사용되었고, 경주 感恩寺址는 多主柱建物은 高麗 初에 축조되어 礎石式 多主柱建物은 百濟 熊津·泗沘期부터 高麗時代까지 오랫동안 유지되어 사용된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 多主柱建物의 出現과 消滅, 變遷過程에 대해서 간단히 설명하면 百濟 熊津期(5세기 후반)에 堀立柱式 多主柱建物의 出現하였으며, 泗沘期에 退間과 기와를 사용하는 建物로 發展되어 百濟 폐망까지 사용되었고, 百濟 泗沘期에 부여 陵山里寺址에서 새로운 礎石式 多主柱建物이 出現하여 왕실과 사찰에 관련된 건물로 쓰이다가 統一新羅時代, 高麗 初까지 사용되었다. 日本 大壁建物은 韓國에서 확인되는 壁柱建物 編年 보다 先行하는 遺蹟이 나라현 난고유적과 오사카부 나가하라유적에서 확인되었다. 遺構의 平面 構造的 形態를 확인한 結果 筆者의 分類案에 따르면 棟持柱建物과 主柱建物로 分類되며, 이 건물은 多主柱建物보다 先行하는 構造이다. 礎石式 多主柱建物은 왕실 건축물과 사찰에서 사용되었다. 平壤과 中國 東北地域, 러시아에서 확인된 礎石式 多主柱建物 역시 왕실과 사찰이 연관된 건물에서 확인되고 있어, 時間的, 地理的으로 차이는 있으나 建物의 性格과 用途에 연관성이 있을 것으로 본다.