학술논문
Cumulative Lactation and Clinical Metabolic Outcomes at Mid-Life among Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes
Document Type
article
Author
Pandora L. Wander; Stefanie N. Hinkle; Daniel A. Enquobahrie; Jing Wu; Sylvia H. Ley; Louise G. Grunnet; Jorge E. Chavarro; Mengying Li; Anne A. Bjerregaard; Aiyi Liu; Peter Damm; Seth Sherman; Shristi Rawal; Yeyi Zhu; Liwei Chen; James L. Mills; Frank B. Hu; Allan Vaag; Sjurdur F. Olsen; Cuilin Zhang
Source
Nutrients, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 650 (2022)
Subject
Language
English
ISSN
2072-6643
Abstract
Lactation is associated with a lower risk of subsequent cardiometabolic disease among parous women; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Further, the potential protective effects of lactation on cardiometabolic risk markers at mid-life among high-risk women with past gestational diabetes (GDM) are not established. Using data from the Diabetes & Women’s Health Study (2012–2014; n = 577), a longitudinal cohort of women with past GDM from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), we assessed associations of cumulative lactation duration (none, 2 (IQR 24.6, 33.0); 28.6% of participants had T2D, 39.7% had prediabetes, and 41.2% had obesity. Relative risks (95% CI) of T2D for 0–6, 6–12, 12–24, and ≥24 months of cumulative lactation duration compared to none were 0.94 (0.62,1.44), 0.88 (0.59,1.32), 0.73 (0.46,1.17), and 0.71 (0.40,1.27), respectively. Cumulative lactation duration was not significantly associated with any other clinical outcome or continuous biomarker. In this high-risk cohort of middle-aged women with past GDM, T2D, prediabetes, and obesity were common at follow-up, but not associated with history of cumulative lactation duration 9–16 years after the index pregnancy. Further studies in diverse populations among women at mid-age are needed to understand associations of breastfeeding with T2D.