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Full Issue Download Vol. 13 No. 1 2021 The Importance of the Measurement Infrastructure in Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic Richard J. C. Brown , Fiona Auty, Eugenio Renedo, Mike King NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.1 Publisher NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 18-21 Abstract: This paper describes the many, evidenced-based benefits to the economy of a well-developed measurement infrastructure. In particular, it explains how assuring confidence in measurement may be used to accelerate economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic including in emerging sectors such as the digital economy. Recommendations are made for providing near term support for national economic recovery whilst also demonstrating the advantages of sustained development of the measurement infrastructure in the medium-term to maximize the potential of future innovative and disruptive technologies. These recommendations, whilst focused on consideration of the UK, should apply globally. References: [1] G. Tassey, 'Underinvestment in public good technologies,' J Technol. Transfer, Vol. 30, pp. 89-113, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-004-4360-0 [2] M. King, and E. Renedo, 'Achieving the 2.4% GDP target: The role of measurement in increasing investment in R&D and innovation,' NPL Report IEA 3, NPL, Teddington, UK, March 2020. [3] M. King and G. Tellett, 'The National Measurement System: A Customer Survey for Three of the Core Labs in the National Measurement System,' NMS Customer Survey Report 2018, NPL Teddington, UK, April 2020 [4] H. Kunzmann, T. Pfeifer, R. Schmitt, H. Schwenke, and A.Weckenmann, 'Productive metrology-adding value to manufacture,' CIRP Annals, vol. 54, pp. 155-168, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60024-9 [5] N. G. Orji, R. G. Dixson, A. Cordes, B. D. Bunday, and J. A. Allgair, 'Measurement traceability and quality assurance in a nanomanufacturing environment,' Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanomanufacturing III, Proceedings Vol. 7405, 740505, August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826606 [6] Belmana, Analysis for Policy 'Public Support for Innovation and Business Outcomes,' Belmana: London, UK, 2020. [7] R. Hawkins, Standards, systems of innovation and policy in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019. [8] N. Nwaigbo, and M. King, 'Evaluating the Impact of the NMS Consultancy Projects on Supported Firms (Working Paper)' NPL, Teddington, UK, 2020. [9] M. King, R. Lambert, and P. Temple, Measurement, standards and productivity spillovers in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2017, p. 162. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470082.00016 [10] A. Font, K. de Hoogh, M. Leal-Sanchez, D. C. Ashworth, R. J. C. Brown, A. L. Hansell, and G. W. Fuller, 'Using metal ratios to detect emissions from municipal waste incinerators in ambient air pollution data,' Atmos. Environ., vol. 113, pp. 177-186, July 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.002 [11] S. Giannis, M. R. L. Gower, G. D. Sims, G. Pask, and G. Edwards, 'Increasing UK competitiveness by enhancing the composite materials regulatory infrastructure,' NPL Report MAT 90, NPL, Teddington, UK, October 2019. [12] HM Government, UK Research and Development Roadmap, BEIS, London, July 2020. [13] M. R. Mehra, S. S. Desai, F. Ruschitzka, and A. N. Patel, 'Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis,' Lancet, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) ©2021 NCSL International Smart Power Supply Calibration System Iraj Vasaeli , Brandon Umansky NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.2 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 22-27 Abstract: This paper details the development of an automated procedure to conduct calibrations of power supplies at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL). The fundamentals of power supply calibrations are given, and discussion on the method by which this custom software handles that calibration. Additionally, this technique provides real time uncertainty quantification of the calibrations. This automated system has demonstrated a time savings over existing automated techniques in use today. References: [1] Keysight, 'Low-Profile Modular Power System Series N6700 Service Guide', Part Number: 5969 2938, Edition 7, January 2015. [2] B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, 'Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results', NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1297 [3] JCGM, 'Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement,' first edition (GUM 1995 with minor corrections),' JCGM 100, 2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017 Hau Wah Lai , Cho Man Tsui , Hing Wah Li NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 28-39 Abstract: This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters. References: [1] T. Williams, and K. Armstrong, 'EMC for Systems and Installations Part 6 - Low-Frequency Magnetics Fields (Emissions and Immunity) Mains Dips, Dropouts, Interruptions, Sags, Brownouts and Swells,' EMC Compliance Journal, August 2000. [2] M.I. Montrose, and E. M. Nakauchi, Testing for EMC Compliance: Approaches and Techniques, Wiley Interscience, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/047164465X [3] International Standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017:Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests. [4] Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, First Edition JCGM 100:2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Validation of the Photometric Method Used for Micropipette Calibration Elsa Batista , Isabel Godinho, George Rodrigues, Doreen Rumery NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.4 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 40-45 Abstract: There are two methods generally used for calibration of micropipettes: the gravimetric method described in ISO 8655-6:2002 and the photometric method described in ISO 8655-7:2005. In order to validate the photometric method, several micropipettes of different capacities from 0.1 µL to 1000 µL were calibrated using both methods (gravimetric and photometric) in two different laboratories, IPQ (Portuguese Institute for Quality) and Artel. These tests were performed by six different operators. The uncertainty for both methods was determined and it was verified that the uncertainty component that has a higher contribution to the final uncertainty budget depends on the volume delivered. In the photometric method for small volumes, the repeatability of the pipette is the largest uncertainty component, but for volumes, larger than 100 µL, the photometric instrument is the most significant source of uncertainty. Based on all the results obtained with this study, one may consider the photometric method validated. References: [1] ISO 8655-1/2/6/7, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus, 2002. [2] BIPM, International Vocabulary of Metrology, 3rd edition, JCGM 200:2012. [3] George Rodrigues, Bias and transferability in standards methods of pipette calibration, Artel, June 2003. [4] Taylor, et.al. The definition of primary method of measurement (PMM) of the 'highest metrological quality': a challenge in understanding and communication, Accred. Qual.Assur (2001) 6:103-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010444 [5] EURAMET project 1353, Volume comparison on Calibration of micropipettes - Gravimetric and photometric methods. [6] ASTM E542: Standard Practice for Calibration of laboratory Volumetric Apparatus, 2000. [7] ISO 4787; Laboratory glassware - Volumetric glassware - Methods for use and testing of capacity, 2010 . [8] ISO 13528:2005 - Statistical methods used in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons. [9] BIPM et al, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), 2nd ed., International Organization for Standardization, Genève, 1995. [10] EURAMET guide, cg 19, - Guidelines on the determination of uncertainty in gravimetric volume calibration, version 3.0, 2012. [11] E. Batista et all, A Study of Factors that Influence Micropipette Calibrations, Measure Vol. 10 No. 1, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2015.11721717 [12] www.BIPM.org. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Material Flow Rate Estimation in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing G. P. Greeff NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.5 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 46-56 Abstract: The additive manufacturing of products promises exciting possibilities. Measurement methodologies, which measure an in-process dataset of these products and interpret the results, are essential. However, before developing such a level of quality assurance several in-process measurands must be realized. One of these is the material flow rate, or rate of adding material during the additive manufacturing process. Yet, measuring this rate directly in material extrusion additive manufacturing presents challenges. This work presents two indirect methods to estimate the volumetric flow rate at the liquefier exit in material extrusion, specifically in Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication. The methods are cost effective and may be applied in future sensor integration. The first method is an optical filament feed rate and width measurement and the second is based on the liquefier pressure. Both are used to indirectly estimate the volumetric flow rate. The work also includes a description of linking the G-code command to the final print result, which may be used to create a per extrusion command model of the part. References: [1] T. Wohlers, I. Campbell, O. Diegel, J. Kowen, I. Fidan, and D.L. Bourell, 'Wohlers Report 2017: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report,' 2017. [2] Additive manufacturing -- General principles -- Terminology. Geneva, CH: International Organization for Standardization, 2015. [3] R. Jones et al., 'Reprap - The replicating rapid prototyper,' Robotica, vol. 29, no. 1 SPEC. ISSUE, pp. 177-191, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S026357471000069X [4] T. Wohlers and T. Gornet, 'History of Additive Manufacturing 2017,' 2017. [5] S. A. M. Tofail, E. P. Koumoulos, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Bose, L. O'Donoghue, and C. Charitidis, 'Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities, 'Materials Today, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 22-37, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 [6] G. Moroni and S. Petrò, 'Managing uncertainty in the new manufacturing era,' Procedia CIRP, vol. 75, pp. 1-2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.07.001 [7] R. Leach et al., 'Information-rich manufacturing metrology,'in Eighth International Precision Assembly Seminar (IPAS), 2018, no. January. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05931-6_14 [8] S. Moylan, J. Slotwinski, A. Cooke, K. Jurrens, M. A. Donmez, and A. Donmez, 'Proposal for a Standardized Test Artifact for Additive Manufacturing Machines and Processes,' Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, pp. 902-920, 2012. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7858 [9] ASME Y14.46-2017 Product Definition for Additive Manufacturing. New York:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. [10] H. Li, T. Wang, J. Sun, and Z. Yu, 'The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 80-92, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2016-0090 [11] A. W. Gebisa and H. G. Lemu, 'Investigating effects of Fused-deposition modeling (FDM) processing parameters on flexural properties of ULTEM 9085 using designed experiment, 'Materials, vol.11, no. 4, pp. 1-23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11040500 PMid:29584674 PMCid:PMC5951346 [12] B. Wittbrodt and J. M. Pearce, 'The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 8, pp. 110-116, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006 [13] O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, 'Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects,' Advances in Manufacturing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 42-53, Mar. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7 [14] S. K. Everton, M. Hirsch, P. Stravroulakis, R. K. Leach and A. T. Clare, 'Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing,' Materials and Design, vol. 95, pp. 431-445, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.099 [15] P. K. Rao, J. P. Liu, D. Roberson, Z. J. Kong, and C. Williams,'Online Real-Time Quality Monitoring in Additive Manufacturing Processes Using Heterogeneous Sensors,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 137, no. 6, p.061007, Sep. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029823 [16] J. Pellegrino, T. Makila, S. McQueen, and E. Taylor, 'Measurement science roadmap for polymer-based additive manufacturing,' Gaithersburg, MD, Dec. 2016. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-5 [17] T. R. Kramer, F. M. Proctor, and E. Messina, 'The NIST RS274NGC Interpreter -Version 3,' Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2000. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6556 [18] B. N. Turner, R. Strong, and S. A. Gold, 'A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: I. Process design and modeling,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp.192-204, Apr. 2014, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-01-2013-0012 [19] Conrad Electronic, 'Renkforce RF1000 3D Drucker,' 2016. https://www.conrad.de/de/renkforce-rf1000-3d-drucker-single-extruder-inkl-software-franzis-designcad-v24-3d-printrenkforce-edition-1007508.html (accessed Sep. 20, 2016). [20] G. Hodgson, A. Ranellucci, and J. Moe, 'Slic3r Manual - Flow Math,' 2016. http://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math (accessed Jun. 21, 2016). [21] Repetier, 'Repetier-Firmware Documentation.' https://www.repetier.com/documentation/repetier firmware/repetier-firmware-introduction/ (accessed Apr. 17, 2018). [22] B. Weiss, D. W. Storti, and M. A. Ganter, 'Low-cost closedloop control of a 3D printer gantry,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 482-490, Aug. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0108 [23] R. L. Zinniel and J. S. Batchelder, 'Volumetric Feed Control for Flexible Filament,' US 6085957, 2000. [24] W. J. Heij, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing. Delft: Delft University of Technology, 2016. [25] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Closed loop control of slippage during filament transport in molten material extrusion,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 14, pp. 31-38, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.12.005 [26] G. P. Greeff, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 60. Berlin: Mensch und Buch, 2019. [27] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Comparing Retraction Methods with Volumetric Exit Flow Measurement in Molten Material Extrusion,' in Special Interest Group meeting on Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish in Additive Manufacturing, 2017, no. October, pp. 70-74. [28] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Single print optimisation of fused filament fabrication parameters,' The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2518-4 [29] A. Bellini, S. Güçeri, and M. Bertoldi, 'Liquefier Dynamics in Fused Deposition,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 126, no. 2, p. 237, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1688377 [30] P. Virtanen et al., 'SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python,' Nature Methods, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 261-272, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 PMid:32015543 PMCid:PMC7056644 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Software to Maximize End-User Uptake of Conformity Assessment with Measurement Uncertainty, Including Bivariate Cases. The European EMPIR CASoft Project
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L.R. Pendrill; A. Allard; N. Fischer; P.M. Harris; J. Nguyen; I.M. Smith
NCSL International measure. 13:58-69
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Evolutionary sociology – New paradigm, developing subfield, or on the brink of extinction?: Catherine Bliss, Social by Nature. The Promise and Peril of Sociogenomics. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 2018, 291 S., gb., 22,99 € William M. Bowen & Robert E. Gleeson, The Evolution of Human Settlements. From Pleistocene Origins to Anthropocene Prospects. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan 2019, 309 S., gb., 74,89 € Steven C. Hertler, Aurelio José Figueredo, Mateo Penaherrera-Aguirre, Heitor B. F. Fernandes, Michael A. Woodley of Menie, Life History Evolution. A Biological Meta-Theory for the Social Sciences. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan 2018, 417 S., gb., 106,99 € Rosemary Hopcroft (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Evolution, Biology, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018. gb., 97,00 £Jens Jetzkowitz, Co-Evolution of Nature and Society. Foundations for Interdisciplinary Sustainability Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan 2019, 233 S., gb., 87,05 € Kevin N. Laland, Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony. How Culture Made the Human Mind. Princeton/Woodstock: Princeton University Press 2017, 450 S., gb., 26,41 € Henning Laux & Anna Henkel (Hrsg.), Die Erde, der Mensch und das Soziale. Zur Transformation gesellschaftlicher Naturverhältnisse im Anthropozän. Bielefeld: transcript 2018, 305 S., kt., 34,99 € Alexandra Maryanski, Richard Machalek & Jonathan H. Turner (ed.), Handbook on Evolution and Society. Toward an Evolutionary Social Science. New York/Abindgon: Routledge 2015, gb. 195,00 £ Christoph Meißelbach, Die Evolution der Kohäsion. Sozialkapital und die Natur des Menschen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2019, 630 S., kt., 59,99 € Jonathan H. Turner, Alexandra Maryanski, Anders Klostergaard Petersen & Armin W. Geertz, The Emergence and Evolution of Religion. By Means of Natural Selection. New York/London: Routledge 2018, 285 S., gb., 270,52 € Jonathan H. Turner & Richard S. Machalek, The New Evolutionary Sociology. Recent and Revitalized Theoretical and Methodological Approaches. New York/Abingdon: Routledge 2018, 467 S., kt., 40,04 €
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Nicole Holzhauser; Frank Eggert
Soziologische Revue. 44:532-549
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Mensch und Ökologie(n)
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Jesús Muñoz Morcillo
Anthropozän? ISBN: 9783828878419
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Nemis tilida ot va olmoshlarning bog‘lanishi haqida: 46 NEMIS TILIDA OT VA OLMOSHLARNING BOG‘LANISHI HAQIDA A.A.Tursunov (SamDCHTI) Ko‘pgina tilshunoslar ilovani – otlashgan atributni ajratib ko‘rsatadigan olmoshlar bilan biriktirishga misollar keltiradi, masalan: Er, Franz , war sein bester Freund [Gulyga, Nathanson, 32]; Wir, Studenten des dritten Studienjahres , können schon über viele Themen deutsch sprechen; ...daß ich kranker Mensch für die Nacht ein ordentlichen Bett haben müsse (Heine) [Arssenjewa u. a., 266]; Mavjud bo‘lakning ketma-ketligi, olmosh va otning hol shakllarining parallel kelishi bunday komponentlarni qo‘shimchalarning umumiy sinfiga kiritishni asoslaydi. Biroq, bunday misollar hukmron otlar bilan qo‘llanilishiga misollar bilan birga keltiriladi va alohida izohlanmaydi. Natijada ot va olmoshlarning bog‘lanishlari qo‘llanmalar bilan bir xil degan taassurot paydo bo‘ladi. Aslida, bu aloqalar bir xil emas.Otlashgan so‘zlarning turli sinflariga mansub bo‘lgan ot va olmoshlar umumlashgan ma’no xarakteri, morfologik belgilari va sintaktik ritorikasiga ko‘ra farqlanadi. Ularning birikish shakllari ham har xil. Germanistikada keng tarqalgan nazariyaga ko‘ra, olmoshlar umumiy tavsif ma’nosi ot va sifatning o‘rnini bosuvchi vazifasini bajarish qobiliyatiga ko‘ra nutq qismlarining maxsus sinfiga birlashtirilgan. Olmoshlarning ot yoki sifatlar bilan bog‘lanishi va ular bajaradigan sintaktik vazifalari olmoshlarni mazmun va sifatlarga bo‘lish uchun asos bo‘lib xizmat qiladi. Sifat olmoshlari aslida rod, son, holat va har qanday ot uchun kelishilgan ta’rif sifatida qo‘llanilishi bo‘yicha nisbiy toifalarida bir xildir. Otlashgan olmoshlar morfologik va sintaktik xususiyatlariga ko‘ra bir rodli bo‘ladi. Ayrim tipdagi otlashgan olmoshlarning atributiv komponentlar bilan birikmasidagi oʻziga xosligi ularning oʻzaro bogʻliqligi, sinsemansiyasi xususiyatiga koʻra juda aniq namoyon boʻladi [Erben, 192]. Ba’zi otlashgan olmoshlar uchun tobe birikma nolga tushiriladi, bir nechtasi uchun u iborada amalga oshiriladi (masalan: einer / keiner der Anwesenden, jemand am Tisch), ko‘pchilik uchun u faqat taklifda beriladi. Ularning batafsil tavsifi hali ham germanistikada yo‘q. Ularni tizimlashtirishga birinchi urinishlardan biri N. I. Filicheva [Filicheva, 185-188] tomonidan amalga oshirilgan, ammo otlashgan iboralar sohasi muallif tomonidan, ko‘rinishidan, asossiz ravishda keng talqin qilingan. Olmoshlarning cheklangan tobe imkoniyatlarini hisobga olgan holda, ularning katta qismi ularning ko‘pchiligining mazmunli ilovalar bilan birga bo‘lish qobiliyatiga ega bo‘ladi. A.M.Peshkovskiyning tarkib va tobelik o‘rtasidagi munosabat to‘g‘risidagi bayonotini izohlab, aytishimiz mumkinki, otlar uchun ibora va gapda ularga bog‘liq bo‘lgan boshqa turdagi elementlar fonida faqat epizod bo‘lsa, olmoshlar uchun esa qo‘llanishi ko‘pincha tobe elementlarning asosiy turlaridan yagona yoki hech bo‘lmaganda biri hisoblanadi (bu erda olmoshlarning ergash gaplar bilan bog‘lanishlari hisobga olinmaydi). An’anaga ko‘ra, otlashgan olmoshlar bilan alohida alohida bo‘lmagan ilovalarni farqlash odatiy holdir. Ikkinchisi odatda faqat 1 va 2-shaxsning shaxs olmoshlari bilan mumkin deb hisoblanadi. Lekin bunday bog‘lanishlarning faqat gapdagi ko‘rinishi, tinish belgilarining shartliligi, mavjudligi yoki yo‘qligi ko‘pincha alohida alohida bo‘lmagan qo‘shimchalarni farqlash mezoni sifatida qo‘llaniladi. Demak, barcha sifatdosh qo‘shimchalarni ajratilgan bo‘laklar bilan birga gapda ham ma’lumot sifatida ko‘rib chiqish tabiiydir, shu bilan birga, qo‘llanish elementlarining burilish xususiyati va qo‘llanilishni olmoshdan uzoqlashtirish imkoniyati emasligi hisobga olinadi. Bu komponentlar bilan dominant so‘z o‘rtasida ozmi-ko‘pmi yaqin bog‘lanish mavjud. 47 Qo‘shimchaning olmoshga bo‘ysunishi, umuman olganda, alohida qo‘shimcha bilan ot o‘rtasidagi bog‘lanish kabi sintaktik vositalarga asoslanadi, biroq olmoshlarning morfologik va semantik xususiyatlari ularning qo‘shimcha otlar bilan bog‘lanish dizaynida o‘ziga xos iz qoldirishi mumkin. Demak, shaxs olmoshlari bilan qo‘llanish sifatdosh kelishilgan ta’rifli ot yoki asoslangan sifatdosh (bo‘lak) bilan ifodalangan bo‘lsa, sifatlar modeliga ko‘ra rad etilgan qo‘llanish komponenti ham kuchli, ham kuchsiz holda ishlatilishi mumkin. Turli tilshunoslarning asarlaridan olingan va birlik olmoshlar uchun ilovalarni o‘z ichiga olgan Duden grammatikasidan misollarni solishtiramiz [Duden, 209]: mir junge m Kerl, mir närrische m Ding, von Dir junge m Schnaufer – mir kranke n Sohn der Musen. Shunday qilib, aniqlangan olmosh belgisiz shaklda kelishik va qaratqich kelishigida kelishi mumkin. Bu bizni o‘zgarmagan etwas, nichts bilan ilovalar va otlarni ham ko‘rib chiqishga majbur qiladi. Misol uchun: Ja, die Sache sei die: Sie müsse etwas zu tun haben, eine sollte Beschäftigung, eine richtige Arbeit [Kellermann, Tunnel, 148]; Er strich ihr wieder übers Haar und über die Stirn, als gäbe es da etwas wegzuwischen, den Schleier auf jedwedem Gesicht , auch wenn es so sorglos wie ihres war [Seghers, Entsch., 280]. Bu yerda qo‘shimcha otning hol shakli aniqlanayotgan ot shakliga o‘xshamaydi, odatda qo‘llashda bo‘ladi, lekin tilshunoslarning fikriga ko‘ra, o‘zgarmas etwas “har xil holatlar va bog‘lovchilarning vazifalarida predloglar bilan qo‘llaniladi ” [Moskalskaya, I, 210]. Bundan tashqari, olmoshlar va olmoshlar bilan old qo‘shimcha konstruktsiyalarni parallel ishlatish imkoniyatini e’tibordan chetda qoldirmaslik kerak. Ikkinchi holda, sath qo‘shimchali ot asosan o‘zgarmas so‘z bilan "qo‘shiladi": Wovon erzählst du uns heute, von deiner Reise in die BRD oder von der Wanderung durch die Krim, an der du teilgenommen hast ? Va nihoyat, biz otlashgan va sifatdosh qo‘shimchalardan foydalanishdagi quyidagi farqni qayd etishimiz mumkin. Ilova bilan birga kelgan ot, qoida tariqasida, har qanday holatda paydo bo‘lishi mumkin, garchi bu erda dominant qaratqichli aniqlovchi holati eng kam uchraydi. To‘ldiruvchi olmoshlarda qo‘llash umuman sodir bo‘lmaydi – so‘roq-nisbiy olmoshlar bundan mustasno, masalan: Wessen Heft ist das, deines Bruders oder deiner Shvester ? Olmoshlarga bog‘langan qo‘shimcha turkumlarning tuzilishi, gapdagi o‘rni, shuningdek, vazifaviy maqsadi "bosh olmoshning tabiatiga ma’lum darajada bog‘liqdir. Mohiyatli qo‘llanishli konstruksiyalardan farqli o‘laroq, bu yerda ayrim turlarni belgilash mumkin. Olmoshlar orqali gapga kiritilgan holda ular bilan mos keladigan va so‘z tartibiga ta’sir qilmaydigan otlashgan elementlar otlar bilan alohida qo‘llanish turkumining sintaktik belgilariga ega. FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI: 1. Жумаев О. К. О ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЙ ЭМОТИВНОСТИ //Ученый XXI века. – 2016. – С. 52. 2. Москальская О.И. Грамматика немецкого языка. Морфология. М., 1956, 394 с. 3. Пешковский А.М. Русский синтаксис в научном освещении М., 1954. 511 с. 4. Филичева Н.И. О словосочитаниях в современном немецком языке. Автореф. канд. дис. Яраславль, 1968. 15 с. 5. Arssenjewa M.G. u.a. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. M.,1960. – 436 S. 6. Der große Duden. Grammatik. L., 1962.- 699 S. 7. Erben J. Abriß der deutschen Grammatik. Berlin, 1964.- 316 S. 8. Gulyga E.W., Nathanson M.D. Syntax der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. M.-L., 1966.226 S. 9. Jung W. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Leipzig, 1966. 518 S.
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А Tursunov
Zamonaviy lingvistik tadqiqotlar: xorijiy tajribalar, istiqbolli izlanishlar va tillarni o‘qitishning innovatsion usullari. :46-47
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Der Nicht-Mensch. Erwägungen zur hebräischen Wurzel N B L
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Gerleman, Gillis
Vetus Testamentum, 1974 Apr 01. 24(2), 147-158.
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Forschen und Forschung in Kontexten des Alter(n)s: Ausblicke und Konsequenzen für die Soziale Arbeit
29, Theorie, Forschung und Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit, 258
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Typ II: Sinnstruktureller Anschluss Interview mit Norma Karst – 'warum soll ’n alter Mensch plötzlich im Ghetto leben'
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Benjamin Krasemann
Lernen aus biographischer Perspektive ISBN: 9783658155841
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