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Full Issue Download Vol. 13 No. 1 2021 The Importance of the Measurement Infrastructure in Economic Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic Richard J. C. Brown , Fiona Auty, Eugenio Renedo, Mike King NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.1 Publisher NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 18-21 Abstract: This paper describes the many, evidenced-based benefits to the economy of a well-developed measurement infrastructure. In particular, it explains how assuring confidence in measurement may be used to accelerate economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic including in emerging sectors such as the digital economy. Recommendations are made for providing near term support for national economic recovery whilst also demonstrating the advantages of sustained development of the measurement infrastructure in the medium-term to maximize the potential of future innovative and disruptive technologies. These recommendations, whilst focused on consideration of the UK, should apply globally. References: [1] G. Tassey, 'Underinvestment in public good technologies,' J Technol. Transfer, Vol. 30, pp. 89-113, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-004-4360-0 [2] M. King, and E. Renedo, 'Achieving the 2.4% GDP target: The role of measurement in increasing investment in R&D and innovation,' NPL Report IEA 3, NPL, Teddington, UK, March 2020. [3] M. King and G. Tellett, 'The National Measurement System: A Customer Survey for Three of the Core Labs in the National Measurement System,' NMS Customer Survey Report 2018, NPL Teddington, UK, April 2020 [4] H. Kunzmann, T. Pfeifer, R. Schmitt, H. Schwenke, and A.Weckenmann, 'Productive metrology-adding value to manufacture,' CIRP Annals, vol. 54, pp. 155-168, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60024-9 [5] N. G. Orji, R. G. Dixson, A. Cordes, B. D. Bunday, and J. A. Allgair, 'Measurement traceability and quality assurance in a nanomanufacturing environment,' Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanomanufacturing III, Proceedings Vol. 7405, 740505, August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826606 [6] Belmana, Analysis for Policy 'Public Support for Innovation and Business Outcomes,' Belmana: London, UK, 2020. [7] R. Hawkins, Standards, systems of innovation and policy in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019. [8] N. Nwaigbo, and M. King, 'Evaluating the Impact of the NMS Consultancy Projects on Supported Firms (Working Paper)' NPL, Teddington, UK, 2020. [9] M. King, R. Lambert, and P. Temple, Measurement, standards and productivity spillovers in Handbook of Innovation and Standards. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2017, p. 162. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470082.00016 [10] A. Font, K. de Hoogh, M. Leal-Sanchez, D. C. Ashworth, R. J. C. Brown, A. L. Hansell, and G. W. Fuller, 'Using metal ratios to detect emissions from municipal waste incinerators in ambient air pollution data,' Atmos. Environ., vol. 113, pp. 177-186, July 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.002 [11] S. Giannis, M. R. L. Gower, G. D. Sims, G. Pask, and G. Edwards, 'Increasing UK competitiveness by enhancing the composite materials regulatory infrastructure,' NPL Report MAT 90, NPL, Teddington, UK, October 2019. [12] HM Government, UK Research and Development Roadmap, BEIS, London, July 2020. [13] M. R. Mehra, S. S. Desai, F. Ruschitzka, and A. N. Patel, 'Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis,' Lancet, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) ©2021 NCSL International Smart Power Supply Calibration System Iraj Vasaeli , Brandon Umansky NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.2 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 22-27 Abstract: This paper details the development of an automated procedure to conduct calibrations of power supplies at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL). The fundamentals of power supply calibrations are given, and discussion on the method by which this custom software handles that calibration. Additionally, this technique provides real time uncertainty quantification of the calibrations. This automated system has demonstrated a time savings over existing automated techniques in use today. References: [1] Keysight, 'Low-Profile Modular Power System Series N6700 Service Guide', Part Number: 5969 2938, Edition 7, January 2015. [2] B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, 'Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results', NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.1297 [3] JCGM, 'Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement,' first edition (GUM 1995 with minor corrections),' JCGM 100, 2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017 Hau Wah Lai , Cho Man Tsui , Hing Wah Li NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 28-39 Abstract: This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters. References: [1] T. Williams, and K. Armstrong, 'EMC for Systems and Installations Part 6 - Low-Frequency Magnetics Fields (Emissions and Immunity) Mains Dips, Dropouts, Interruptions, Sags, Brownouts and Swells,' EMC Compliance Journal, August 2000. [2] M.I. Montrose, and E. M. Nakauchi, Testing for EMC Compliance: Approaches and Techniques, Wiley Interscience, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/047164465X [3] International Standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017:Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Part 4-11: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests. [4] Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, First Edition JCGM 100:2008. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Validation of the Photometric Method Used for Micropipette Calibration Elsa Batista , Isabel Godinho, George Rodrigues, Doreen Rumery NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.4 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 40-45 Abstract: There are two methods generally used for calibration of micropipettes: the gravimetric method described in ISO 8655-6:2002 and the photometric method described in ISO 8655-7:2005. In order to validate the photometric method, several micropipettes of different capacities from 0.1 µL to 1000 µL were calibrated using both methods (gravimetric and photometric) in two different laboratories, IPQ (Portuguese Institute for Quality) and Artel. These tests were performed by six different operators. The uncertainty for both methods was determined and it was verified that the uncertainty component that has a higher contribution to the final uncertainty budget depends on the volume delivered. In the photometric method for small volumes, the repeatability of the pipette is the largest uncertainty component, but for volumes, larger than 100 µL, the photometric instrument is the most significant source of uncertainty. Based on all the results obtained with this study, one may consider the photometric method validated. References: [1] ISO 8655-1/2/6/7, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus, 2002. [2] BIPM, International Vocabulary of Metrology, 3rd edition, JCGM 200:2012. [3] George Rodrigues, Bias and transferability in standards methods of pipette calibration, Artel, June 2003. [4] Taylor, et.al. The definition of primary method of measurement (PMM) of the 'highest metrological quality': a challenge in understanding and communication, Accred. Qual.Assur (2001) 6:103-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010444 [5] EURAMET project 1353, Volume comparison on Calibration of micropipettes - Gravimetric and photometric methods. [6] ASTM E542: Standard Practice for Calibration of laboratory Volumetric Apparatus, 2000. [7] ISO 4787; Laboratory glassware - Volumetric glassware - Methods for use and testing of capacity, 2010 . [8] ISO 13528:2005 - Statistical methods used in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons. [9] BIPM et al, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), 2nd ed., International Organization for Standardization, Genève, 1995. [10] EURAMET guide, cg 19, - Guidelines on the determination of uncertainty in gravimetric volume calibration, version 3.0, 2012. [11] E. Batista et all, A Study of Factors that Influence Micropipette Calibrations, Measure Vol. 10 No. 1, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2015.11721717 [12] www.BIPM.org. (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Material Flow Rate Estimation in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing G. P. Greeff NCSLI Measure | Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021) | doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.5 Publisher: NCSL International | Published February 2021 | Pages 46-56 Abstract: The additive manufacturing of products promises exciting possibilities. Measurement methodologies, which measure an in-process dataset of these products and interpret the results, are essential. However, before developing such a level of quality assurance several in-process measurands must be realized. One of these is the material flow rate, or rate of adding material during the additive manufacturing process. Yet, measuring this rate directly in material extrusion additive manufacturing presents challenges. This work presents two indirect methods to estimate the volumetric flow rate at the liquefier exit in material extrusion, specifically in Fused Deposition Modeling or Fused Filament Fabrication. The methods are cost effective and may be applied in future sensor integration. The first method is an optical filament feed rate and width measurement and the second is based on the liquefier pressure. Both are used to indirectly estimate the volumetric flow rate. The work also includes a description of linking the G-code command to the final print result, which may be used to create a per extrusion command model of the part. References: [1] T. Wohlers, I. Campbell, O. Diegel, J. Kowen, I. Fidan, and D.L. Bourell, 'Wohlers Report 2017: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report,' 2017. [2] Additive manufacturing -- General principles -- Terminology. Geneva, CH: International Organization for Standardization, 2015. [3] R. Jones et al., 'Reprap - The replicating rapid prototyper,' Robotica, vol. 29, no. 1 SPEC. ISSUE, pp. 177-191, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S026357471000069X [4] T. Wohlers and T. Gornet, 'History of Additive Manufacturing 2017,' 2017. [5] S. A. M. Tofail, E. P. Koumoulos, A. Bandyopadhyay, S. Bose, L. O'Donoghue, and C. Charitidis, 'Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities, 'Materials Today, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 22-37, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001 [6] G. Moroni and S. Petrò, 'Managing uncertainty in the new manufacturing era,' Procedia CIRP, vol. 75, pp. 1-2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.07.001 [7] R. Leach et al., 'Information-rich manufacturing metrology,'in Eighth International Precision Assembly Seminar (IPAS), 2018, no. January. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05931-6_14 [8] S. Moylan, J. Slotwinski, A. Cooke, K. Jurrens, M. A. Donmez, and A. Donmez, 'Proposal for a Standardized Test Artifact for Additive Manufacturing Machines and Processes,' Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, pp. 902-920, 2012. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7858 [9] ASME Y14.46-2017 Product Definition for Additive Manufacturing. New York:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. [10] H. Li, T. Wang, J. Sun, and Z. Yu, 'The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 80-92, Jan. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2016-0090 [11] A. W. Gebisa and H. G. Lemu, 'Investigating effects of Fused-deposition modeling (FDM) processing parameters on flexural properties of ULTEM 9085 using designed experiment, 'Materials, vol.11, no. 4, pp. 1-23, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11040500 PMid:29584674 PMCid:PMC5951346 [12] B. Wittbrodt and J. M. Pearce, 'The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 8, pp. 110-116, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006 [13] O. A. Mohamed, S. H. Masood, and J. L. Bhowmik, 'Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: a review of current research and future prospects,' Advances in Manufacturing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 42-53, Mar. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40436-014-0097-7 [14] S. K. Everton, M. Hirsch, P. Stravroulakis, R. K. Leach and A. T. Clare, 'Review of in-situ process monitoring and in-situ metrology for metal additive manufacturing,' Materials and Design, vol. 95, pp. 431-445, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.099 [15] P. K. Rao, J. P. Liu, D. Roberson, Z. J. Kong, and C. Williams,'Online Real-Time Quality Monitoring in Additive Manufacturing Processes Using Heterogeneous Sensors,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 137, no. 6, p.061007, Sep. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029823 [16] J. Pellegrino, T. Makila, S. McQueen, and E. Taylor, 'Measurement science roadmap for polymer-based additive manufacturing,' Gaithersburg, MD, Dec. 2016. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.100-5 [17] T. R. Kramer, F. M. Proctor, and E. Messina, 'The NIST RS274NGC Interpreter -Version 3,' Gaithersburg, Maryland, 2000. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.6556 [18] B. N. Turner, R. Strong, and S. A. Gold, 'A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: I. Process design and modeling,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp.192-204, Apr. 2014, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-01-2013-0012 [19] Conrad Electronic, 'Renkforce RF1000 3D Drucker,' 2016. https://www.conrad.de/de/renkforce-rf1000-3d-drucker-single-extruder-inkl-software-franzis-designcad-v24-3d-printrenkforce-edition-1007508.html (accessed Sep. 20, 2016). [20] G. Hodgson, A. Ranellucci, and J. Moe, 'Slic3r Manual - Flow Math,' 2016. http://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math (accessed Jun. 21, 2016). [21] Repetier, 'Repetier-Firmware Documentation.' https://www.repetier.com/documentation/repetier firmware/repetier-firmware-introduction/ (accessed Apr. 17, 2018). [22] B. Weiss, D. W. Storti, and M. A. Ganter, 'Low-cost closedloop control of a 3D printer gantry,' Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 482-490, Aug. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2014-0108 [23] R. L. Zinniel and J. S. Batchelder, 'Volumetric Feed Control for Flexible Filament,' US 6085957, 2000. [24] W. J. Heij, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing. Delft: Delft University of Technology, 2016. [25] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Closed loop control of slippage during filament transport in molten material extrusion,' Additive Manufacturing, vol. 14, pp. 31-38, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.12.005 [26] G. P. Greeff, Applied Metrology in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 60. Berlin: Mensch und Buch, 2019. [27] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Comparing Retraction Methods with Volumetric Exit Flow Measurement in Molten Material Extrusion,' in Special Interest Group meeting on Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish in Additive Manufacturing, 2017, no. October, pp. 70-74. [28] G. P. Greeff and M. Schilling, 'Single print optimisation of fused filament fabrication parameters,' The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2518-4 [29] A. Bellini, S. Güçeri, and M. Bertoldi, 'Liquefier Dynamics in Fused Deposition,' Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol. 126, no. 2, p. 237, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1688377 [30] P. Virtanen et al., 'SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python,' Nature Methods, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 261-272, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2 PMid:32015543 PMCid:PMC7056644 (Print: ISSN 1931-5775) (Online: ISSN 2381-0580) © 2021 NCSL International Software to Maximize End-User Uptake of Conformity Assessment with Measurement Uncertainty, Including Bivariate Cases. The European EMPIR CASoft Project
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Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 'Quantative Methods in Modern Science' organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘'Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia 'On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. 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Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists 'Geophysics-2013'. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. URL: https://www.gubkin.ru/faculty/geology_and_geophysics/chairs_and_departments/exploration_geophysics_and_computers_systems/files/2013_SPb_Frolov.pdf. (Date of access September 2, 2019). XII. Gibbons, S. J., Asming, V., Fedorov, A., Fyen, J., Kero, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Kværna, T., Liszka, L., Näsholm, S.P., Raita, T., Roth, M., Tiira, T., Vinogradov, Yu. The European Arctic: A laboratory for seismoacoustic studies. Seism. Res. Letters. 2015; 86 (3): 917–928. XIII. GOST 8.395-80. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference conditions of measurements while calibrating. General requirements [Gosudarstvennayasistemaobespecheniyaedinstvaizmereniy. Normal’nyyeusloviyaizmereniypripoverke. Obshchiyetrebovaniya]. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. URL: http://gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294821/4294821960.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XIV. Guralp 6TD. Operators’ Guide. Document Number: MAN-T60-0002, Issue J: April, 2017. Guralp Systems Limited. 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Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder 'SEISAR-5' with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue 'Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the 'initial minute' decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex 'Health Sources' / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. 'Microcirculation of the Skin'. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. 'Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods' – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER
Academic Journal
JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES.
RESUMO Introdução: Os transtornos mentais são definidos como sendo síndromes caracterizadas por uma perturbação clinicamente expressiva na cognição, na regulação emocional ou no comportamento de um indivíduo, que refletem uma disfunção nos processos psicológicos, biológicos ou de desenvolvimento subjacentes ao funcionamento mental. Estes estão frequentemente associados ao sofrimento ou às incapacidades. Sabe-se que uma das características marcantes de determinados transtornos está relacionada à cronicidade dos mesmos, o que reduz a possiblidade de cura e levanta a discussão a respeito do controle dos sintomas destes para a manutenção da qualidade de vida dos indivíduos que deles sofrem. Uma intervenção pouco associada, mas relevante, se for analisado o estado dos usuários crônicos em saúde mental, são os cuidados paliativos e suas ações paliativas que não buscam por cura, mas por oferecer o máximo de conforto possível ao usuário desde o diagnóstico até o seu último dia de vida. Objetivo: Reunir e analisar informações a respeito da psiquiatria paliativa e seus benefícios aos pacientes com transtornos mentais. Metodologia: Foram avaliados artigos publicados em revistas indexadas nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), National Library of Medicine/NLM (MEDLINE) e National Library of Medicine/NLM (PUBMED), além de sites oficiais como o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e a Organização Mundial da Saúde, no período de 2014 a 2024. Resultados e discussão: Após busca foram encontrados 33 artigos relacionados ao tema proposto. Foi observado que a psiquiatria paliativa abrange uma ampla gama de questões, incluindo condições de saúde mental amplamente conhecidas, como ansiedade ou depressão, doenças mentais graves refratárias ao tratamento, cuidados neuropaliativos e carga de sintomas em vários níveis. Além disso, aborda problemas éticos e psicossociais, sofrimento psicológico, personalidade, desejo e vontade de morrer, dignidade, solidão, isolamento social, bem como psicofarmacologia. E que esses cuidados seriam vantajosos e de fundamental importância aos pacientes com doenças mentais graves. Conclusão: Diante das novas perspectivas para o cuidado em saúde mental de uma maneira cada vez mais humanizada, os artigos evidenciaram os benefícios da psiquiatria paliativa e sua importância na melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com transtornos mentais graves. Entretanto, foi observado ainda que muitas barreiras precisam ser vencidas para garantir o atendimento de qualidade para o grupo em questão. Palavras chave: Cuidados Paliativos, Psiquiatria Paliativa, Benefícios ABSTRACT Introduction: Mental disorders are defined as syndromes characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation or behavior, which reflect a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. These are often associated with suffering or disabilities. It is known that one of the striking characteristics of certain disorders is related to their chronicity, which reduces the possibility of a cure and raises the discussion about controlling their symptoms to maintain the quality of life of individuals who suffer from them. A little associated but relevant intervention, if the state of chronic users in mental health is analyzed, is palliative care and its palliative actions that do not seek a cure, but to offer the maximum possible comfort to the user from diagnosis until their last day of life. Objective: Gather and analyze information regarding palliative psychiatry and its benefits for patients with mental disorders. Methodology: Articles published in indexed journals in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), National Library of Medicine/NLM (MEDLINE), and National Library of Medicine/NLM (PUBMED) databases were evaluated, in addition to official sites such as the Ministry of Health of Brazil and the World Health Organization, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. Results and Discussion: After completing the data collection phase, 33 relevant articles were identified for analysis of the proposed theme. It has been noted that palliative psychiatry encompasses a wide range of issues, including widely known mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, severe mental illnesses refractory to treatment, neuropalliative care, and symptom burden at various levels. Furthermore, it addresses ethical and psychosocial problems, psychological suffering, personality, desire and desire to die, dignity, loneliness, social isolation, as well as psychopharmacology. And that this care would be advantageous and of fundamental importance to patients with serious mental illnesses. Conclusion: Given the new perspectives for mental health care in an increasingly humanized way, the articles highlighted the benefits of palliative psychiatry and its importance in improving the quality of life of patients with serious mental disorders. However, it was also observed that many barriers need to be overcome to guarantee quality care for the group in question. Keywords: Palliative care, Palliative Psychiatry, Benefits 1. INTRODUÇÃO De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde os Cuidados Paliativos (CP) são uma abordagem que melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, adultos ou crianças, e de seus familiares que enfrentam problemas associados a doenças que ameaçam a vida. Eles previnem e aliviam o sofrimento por meio da investigação precoce, da avaliação correta e do tratamento da dor e de outros problemas como físicos, psicossociais ou espirituais [1]. Sendo considerados relevantes, mais frequentemente, quando as tentativas curativas cessam ou perto do fim da vida. Entretanto, este foco prejudica seriamente seu potencial para abordar questões de qualidade de vida, diante da variedade de doenças crônicas e no início das patologias. Atualmente, esses são vistos como um direito do ser humano, com o foco na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes e familiares, e não apenas na gestão dos sintomas de final de vida. Além disso, os cuidados paliativos e as intervenções curativas não são mutuamente exclusivos, os princípios de ambos podem e devem coexistir quando relevantes e apropriados para uma gama diversificada de doenças que limitam a vida [2]. O campo da Psiquiatria e Cuidados Paliativos compartilham um terreno comum, pois ambas as disciplinas evoluíram historicamente da medicina interna, são fundamentadas no modelo biopsicossocial e geralmente operam dentro de equipes multiprofissionais [3]. Aproximadamente 4,5% da população vive com doença mental grave [4]. Essas estão em risco de mortalidade prematura em relação às pessoas sem doenças mentais graves e as enfermidades crônicas contribuem significativamente para a mortalidade entre esses indivíduos. O padrão de atendimento para indivíduos com problemas médicos graves inclui cuidados paliativos. No entanto, o acesso universal a esses e aos cuidados de fim de vida para pacientes que sofrem de doenças mentais graves continua a ser um objetivo não alcançado [5]. A psiquiatria paliativa abrange uma ampla gama de problemas, incluindo condições de saúde mental amplamente conhecidas, como ansiedade ou depressão, doenças mentais graves refratárias ao tratamento, cuidados neuropaliativos e carga de sintomas em vários níveis. Além disso, aborda problemas éticos e psicossociais, sofrimento psicológico, personalidade, desejo e vontade de morrer, dignidade, solidão, isolamento social, bem como psicofarmacologia. Além disso, os '3 Ds' da psiquiatria paliativa incluem depressão, demência e delirium [6]. E vale ressaltar que as comorbidades psiquiátricas são comuns em pacientes que recebem cuidados paliativos [7]. No geral, a colaboração entre os campos da psiquiatria e dos CP cresceu significativamente na maioria dos países desenvolvidos nas últimas duas décadas [3]. E a prestação de cuidados psiquiátricos, psicoterapêuticos ou psicossociais é considerada um indicador de CP de alta qualidade em casos de doença médica avançada [8]. Pessoas com doenças mentais graves e comorbidades de saúde física que limitam a vida são uma população vulnerável que está sub-representada nas pesquisas sobre disparidades em saúde [9]. Isso ocorre devido esses pacientes serem afetados pelo estigma associado a doenças mentais [10]. E ainda existe na área da saúde mental um desafio que é identificar e tratar eficazmente pacientes com doenças mentais graves e condições concomitantes limitantes de vida em diversos ambientes de cuidados, para que esta população tenha resultados de saúde física e qualidade de vida pelo menos equivalentes aos pacientes sem doenças mentais graves [11]. Estudos têm mostrado maior mortalidade entre pacientes com doença mental grave e persistentes, que morrem 10 a 20 anos antes, em média, do que pessoas na população em geral [12, 13, 14, 15]. Estudo de Olfson e colaboradores em 2015 [14] demonstrou que esse grupo de pacientes apresentam taxas de mortalidade padronizadas de 3,6% para doenças cardiovasculares, 2,4% para câncer e 9,9% para doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Com valores persistentes mesmo quando se controlam fatores como situação socioeconômica e comorbidades [16]. Estudos tem descrito ainda a relevância no tratamento de certas doenças mentais graves e persistentes, como na depressão refratária, na esquizofrenia e na anorexia nervosa [3, 17]. Dessa maneira, a psiquiatria paliativa poderia ser particularmente útil fazendo uma interfase entre as doenças psíquicas e físicas, como exemplo: garantindo que os regimes de medicamentos psiquiátricos sejam mantidos e atualizados de acordo com tratamentos médicos, visando a diminuição dos efeitos adversos. Os psiquiatras paliativos também podem fornecer avaliações contínuas de comorbidades e riscos psiquiátricos, uma vez que o fator biopsicossocial das doenças crônicas graves pode colocar os pacientes em risco de crises de sintomas psiquiátricos, agitação e/ou suicídio. Ao garantir a continuidade cuidados psiquiátricos, esses podem dar aos pacientes a melhor oportunidade possível de participar plenamente do tratamento e, ao mesmo tempo, ampliar as opções disponíveis [5,17]. Um outro ponto relevante é que a maioria dos pacientes com doença mental grave e persistente são capaz de tomar decisões em relação ao seu tratamento e esses devem ser engajados em um modelo de tomada de decisão compartilhada, no qual as partes interessadas: pacientes, médicos e famílias tomem as decisões conjuntamente. É importante salientar que mesmo entre os pacientes sem diagnóstico de doença mental, há evidências de uma na maioria das vezes essa parceria na tomada de decisão não ocorre. E assim, pacientes e familiares podem ter um papel de tomada de decisão menor do que o desejado [18]. É importante salientar que a utilização de cuidados paliativos em psiquiatria, como em outras áreas da saúde, não exclui outras abordagens de tratamento. As características das abordagens do cuidado, como a aliança contínua com os pacientes e seus familiares, o manejo dos sintomas e a busca por conforto do paciente e da família de maneira integral, por exemplo, são compatíveis e consistentes com os princípios do modelo de recuperação. Neste sentido, as abordagens desses podem oferecer aos psiquiatras ferramentas adicionais no cuidado do paciente com doença mental grave e persistente, particularmente quando as necessidades e objetivos do paciente não podem ser atendidos pelas intervenções psiquiátricas atuais [19]. Nesse contexto, considerando o número de pacientes com doenças mentais graves e persistentes, sua concomitância com doenças físicas, e sabendo da necessidade de um acompanhamento mais integral, que os cuidados paliativos pode trazer por meio do alívio de sintomas e do acompanhamento global do paciente e de seus familiares, trazendo inúmeros benefícios e a necessidade do aumento da oferta desse tipo de cuidados no grupo em questão, esta revisão integrativa teve como objetivo reunir e analisar informações sobre a abordagem da psiquiatria paliativa e seus benefícios. 2. METODOLOGIA Este artigo foi elaborado a partir de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Para isso, foram identificados artigos publicados em revistas indexadas nas seguintes bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Google Acadêmico, National Library of Medicine/NLM (MEDLINE) e National Library of Medicine/NLM (PUBMED). Também foram utilizados dados de fontes oficiais como Organização Mundial de Saúde e o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. O estudo foi dividido em dois momentos, sendo que no primeiro, foram buscados os seguintes descritores em artigos nacionais e internacionais nos idiomas português e inglês: psiquiatria paliativa, cuidados paliativos, doenças mentais graves, benefícios, desafios, palliative psychiatry, palliative care, serious mental illnesses, benefits and challenges. No segundo momento, foram avaliados os títulos e resumos dos artigos encontrados para definir sua inclusão ou exclusão com base nos critérios descritos a seguir, inclusão: estudos realizados por meio de revisões, meta-análises e ensaios clínicos controlados publicados entre 2014 e 2024, que abordavam o tema em questão e que fossem de livre acesso, foram encontrados 315 artigos. E para exclusão do artigo, foram utilizados os seguintes critérios: estudos anteriores há 10 anos de publicação e artigos com baixo rigor metodológico. Para garantir a relevância e qualidade dos estudos selecionados neste artigo valeu-se destes critérios de forma que a revisão de literatura tivesse maior grau de validade e confiabilidade em seus resultados. Após a inclusão dos artigos baseados nos critérios supracitados e que havia relação ao tema proposto, os textos foram integralmente lidos, interpretados e tiveram suas principais informações sintetizadas, finalizando com 33 artigos. 3. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO Como resultado da metodologia após a seleção dos artigos esses foram usados para síntese. Sendo assim, elaborada a Tabela 1 com as principais informações. Tabela 1. Síntese dos trabalhos encontrados relacionando psiquiatria paliativa e seus benéficos para os paceinets com transtornos mentais Título Palliative Psychiatry for Patients With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness: A Survey on the Attitudes of Psychiatrists in India Compared to Psychiatrists in Switzerland [20] Autor/ ano Stoll, J.et al., 2022. Principais achados Enquanto a psiquiatria curativa se concentra no transtorno mental com o objetivo de remissão (parcial) dos sintomas, a psiquiatria paliativa visa melhorar a qualidade de vida por outros meios, além da remissão de sintomas. Em resumo, este estudo demonstrou o potencial da psiquiatria paliativa como uma abordagem biopsicossocial-existencial genuína que integra sistematicamente fatores biológicos, psicológicos, sociais e existenciais do cuidado. Título Atuação da medicina paliativa em pacientes psiquiátricos [21] Autor/ ano Sampaio; Ribeiro; 2024. Principais achados Foram identificados 182 artigos, sendo que 176 documentos foram excluídos após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão. A amostra final resultou em 6 estudos, na qual três foram publicados em 2019, um em 2020, um em 2021 e um em 2022. Concluiu-se, então, que é comum existir atraso nos diagnósticos de fim de vida, falta de suporte para os sintomas, presunção de incapacidade na tomada de decisões, e barreiras que as condições psiquiátricas graves podem trazer ao cuidado. Título On the Margins of Death: A Scoping Review on Palliative Care and Schizophrenia [22] Autor/ ano Relyea et al., 2019. Principais achados Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura com o objetivo de melhorar a compreensão dos cuidados paliativos em pacientes com esquizofrenia. Foram identificados os seguintes temas: Estigma que afeta a qualidade do cuidado e o acesso ao cuidado; questões relacionadas com o consentimento e capacidade para tomar decisões sobre cuidados de fim de vida do paciente e nomear decisores substitutos; melhores práticas para intervenções psicossociais, farmacologia, colaboração familiar e de cuidados de saúde, objetivos de cuidados, ambiente e tabagismo; e barreiras aos cuidados, incluindo ambiente, comunicação, educação do prestador e acesso aos cuidados. A revisão sugeriu a importância de práticas de formação interdisciplinares obrigatórias e de normas políticas que definam a comunicação cooperativa entre os prestadores de cuidados de saúde. Destaca lacunas na investigação baseada em evidências sobre intervenções psicossociais e quadros colaborativos para permitir a prestação de cuidados de qualidade no fim da vida a indivíduos com esquizofrenia. Título End of life care for people with severe mental illness: Mixed methods systematic review and thematic synthesis (the MENLOC study) [23] Autor/ ano Edwards et al., 2021. Principais achados O objetivo desse artigo foi sintetizar políticas e orientações internacionais, relativas à organização, prestação e recepção de cuidados de fim de vida para pessoas com doenças mentais graves. Foram avaliadas a estrutura do sistema; questões profissionais; contextos de cuidado; e viver com doença mental grave. As implicações para os serviços e a prática refletiram evidências nas quais existe um elevado grau de confiança. Sugerem que devem ser desenvolvidas parcerias em todos os sistemas de saúde mental e de fim de vida, e é necessário que sejam encontradas formas de ajudar as pessoas a morrer de forma digna. Os profissionais que cuidam de pessoas com doenças mentais graves em fim de vida necessitam de educação, apoio e supervisão. Os cuidados de fim de vida para pessoas com doenças mentais graves requerem uma abordagem multidisciplinar, incluindo a advogacia. E por fim, são necessários cuidados proativos de saúde física para pessoas com doenças mentais graves para resolver problemas como o diagnóstico tardio. Título A palliative care approach in psychiatry: clinical implications [24] Autor/ ano Strand et al., 2023. Principais achados Este artigo contribui para a crescente literatura sobre uma abordagem paliativa em psiquiatria e baseia-se no pressuposto de que uma mudança de perspectiva de uma abordagem curativa para uma abordagem paliativa poderia ajudar a promover a centralização no paciente e aumentar a qualidade de vida de pacientes gravemente enfermos também em psiquiatria. Foram avaliados três cenários clínicos diferentes: anorexia nervosa grave e duradoura, esquizofrenia refratária ao tratamento, automutilação persistente no transtorno de personalidade borderline e suicídio. O trabalho demonstrou que muitas intervenções típicas para transtornos psiquiátricos refratários ao tratamento podem, de fato, ser de natureza paliativa. Além disso, a introdução de características tradicionais de cuidados paliativos, por exemplo os chamados objetivos das conversas sobre cuidados, poderiam ajudar ainda mais a garantir que cuidadores, pacientes e famílias concordem sobre quais objetivos de tratamento devem ser priorizados, a fim de otimizar a qualidade de vida, apesar do transtorno mental grave e persistente. Título Severe mental illness and palliative care: patient semistructured interviews [25] Autor/ ano Knippenberg et al., 2021. Principais achados O objetivo desse artigo foi explorar percepções, experiências e expectativas em relação aos cuidados paliativos de pacientes com doença mental grave (SMI) e uma doença crônica incurável e limitante da vida. A análise dos dados revelou oito categorias: percepções sobre saúde e problemas de saúde, enfrentamento de doenças e sintomas, experiências e desejos de cuidados de saúde atuais, contato com familiares e residentes, experiências com o fim da vida de familiares e residentes, disposição para discutir a respeito do fim da vida, vida e morte, desejos e expectativas em relação ao próprio fim da vida e aspectos práticos relativos a assuntos após a morte. Essas categorias foram agrupadas em dois temas distintos: situação atual e antecipação do fim da vida. Os entrevistados pareciam não estar habituados a comunicar sobre questões de fim de vida, morte e morrer devido a doenças potencialmente fatais. Eles tendiam a discutir apenas sua situação atual e, após maior exploração do pesquisador, a fase terminal da vida. Eles pareciam não estar envolvidos no planejamento futuro de cuidados paliativos. Os resultados deste estudo destacam inadequações no planejamento antecipado de cuidados para pacientes com doenças mentais graves. Os resultados sugerem a utilização de valores, desejos atuais e próximos e necessidades como ponto de partida para estabelecer uma discussão gradual sobre objetivos e preferências para futuros tratamentos e cuidados médicos e mentais. Título Adapting the collaborative care model to palliative care: Establishing mental health–serious illness care integration [26] Autor/ ano Wozniak et al., 2023. Principais achados Os modelos de integração entre cuidados paliativos e cuidados especializados em doenças graves permitiram que um maior número de pessoas usufruísse dos benefícios dos cuidados paliativos. A integração da saúde mental é a próxima fronteira na prestação de cuidados holísticos a indivíduos que vivem com doenças graves. Modelos da integração saúde mental-médica, como o modelo de cuidado colaborativo, são meios atraentes para alcançar a integração da saúde mental porque têm sido utilizados de forma eficaz para melhorar a prestação de serviços de saúde mental nos cuidados primários e noutros contextos médicos; também foram adaptados à integração dos cuidados paliativos com a oncologia e outras áreas médicas. A integração entre os cuidados médicos especializados, cuidados paliativos e saúde mental poderia promover um alívio do sofrimento e a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Título Por uma Psiquiatria paliativa: Aplicação de cuidados paliativos a usuários da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) [27] Autor/ ano Konig Luiz R.C., 2024. Principais achados O objetivo geral desse artigo foi investigar, nas perspectivas médica e bioética, a viabilidade de portadores de sofrimento psíquico, transtornos mentais e abuso ou dependência de substâncias serem submetidos a cuidados paliativos na RAPS, em função desses agravos e não como condição secundária a doenças de base orgânica. Foram objetivos específicos: identificar os fundamentos bioéticos da ideia de cuidado; examinar o papel da clínica ampliada e do Projeto Terapêutico Singular (PTS) no contexto da atenção psicossocial; e vislumbrar o eventual caráter paliativo das intervenções em saúde mental. O estudo propôs ainda uma análise de dados obtidos a partir de levantamento não-sistemático da literatura. Do ponto de vista bioético, medidas paliativas justificam-se na perspectiva integradora de uma ética do cuidado. Verificou-se também que termos como 'cura' e 'cuidado' comportam uma imprecisão – e, portanto, uma plasticidade conceitual – que possibilita estender a ideia de paliatividade às práticas dentro da RAPS, de maneira alinhada aos princípios do movimento hospice e da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira. Para tanto, o ponto de partida deve ser a elaboração do PTS, no âmbito da clínica ampliada. Por fim, ao incluir medidas suportivas, isoladamente ou em conjunto com ações terapêuticas, o modelo de intervenção atual parece admitir a possibilidade de inclusão de práticas paliativas. Ressalva-se ainda a necessidade das equipes multidisciplinares que atuam em saúde mental devem receber treinamento específico quanto a técnicas em cuidados paliativos, com vistas ao aperfeiçoamento da assistência prestada. Título Transtornos mentais crônicos e cuidados paliativos: a prática de terapeutas ocupacionais [28] Autor/ ano Silva et al., 2024. Principais achados O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a prática de terapeutas ocupacionais, bem como suas abordagens e recursos utilizados na saúde mental, a partir da perspectiva dos cuidados paliativos. Participaram quatro terapeutas ocupacionais atuantes em um hospital de referência em emergência psiquiátrica. Emergiram quatro categorias: 1) Relação entre a abordagem dos cuidados paliativos e saúde mental; 2) Prática do terapeuta ocupacional atuante em saúde mental utilizando a abordagem dos cuidados paliativos; 3) Recursos utilizados por terapeutas ocupacionais em suas práticas no contexto da saúde mental; 4) Desafios encontrados pelo terapeuta ocupacional ao trabalhar com a abordagem dos cuidados paliativos na saúde mental. Os profissionais entrevistados já utilizavam em suas práticas no campo da Saúde Mental a abordagem dos cuidados paliativos, e observaram um aumento da qualidade de vida dos pacientes atendidos. Embora a maioria dos sistemas de saúde separe a saúde mental dos serviços de saúde física, criando barreiras sistémicas aos cuidados paliativos integrados para pacientes com doenças mentais graves, algumas áreas médicas, como a psiquiatria clínica, estão a prestar cuidados no sentido inverso num quadro de cuidados paliativos. Na verdade, a psiquiatria paliativa é um campo em evolução que se concentra em doenças mentais graves, refratárias e muitas vezes que não respondem aos tratamentos psiquiátricos e psicossociais convencionais [7]. Com base nesta definição ampla, algumas intervenções psiquiátricas podem ser consideradas paliativas, pois visam principalmente melhorar a qualidade de vida por meio do controle adequado dos sintomas e concentrando-se na incapacidade e não na cura da doença [3]. Em indivíduos com esquizofrenia estudos apontaram que menos da metade tinham a probabilidade de receber cuidados paliativos especializados. Eles também tinham cerca de 30% menos probabilidades de receber analgesia prescrita, possivelmente refletindo subtratamento ou subnotificação de dor; essa discrepância foi ainda mais pronunciada entre indivíduos com câncer. Enquanto doentes terminais, os indivíduos com esquizofrenia também tinham significativamente menos acesso aos seus psiquiatras e foram mais propensos a passar os últimos meses em uma enfermagem lar [5]. Dados a nível populacional de outros sistemas de saúde incluindo a Austrália e a Nova Zelândia demonstraram que os indivíduos com doenças mentais graves têm entre 2 e 4 vezes menos probabilidade do que indivíduos sem doença mental de acessar serviços de cuidados paliativos nos últimos meses de vida [30, 31]. Em um inquérito aos psiquiatras na Suíça, quase todos os inquiridos acreditavam que o pacientes com doença mental crônica podem apresentar doenças terminais, entretanto eles apresentam uma prioridade menor de cuidados, como a redução do sofrimento e o funcionamento na vida quotidiana. A mortalidade prematura é um aspecto negligenciado nos cuidados de saúde mental [32]. Outros estudos citam três diferentes cenários de condições psiquiátricas relacionadas a sofrimento intenso: anorexia nervosa grave e prolongada; esquizofrenia resistente ao tratamento; e tendência crônica ao suicídio e automutilação persistente no transtorno de personalidade borderline. Em relação à anorexia nervosa, cerca de 25% dos pacientes não alcançam remissão a longo prazo, com artigos mostrando a ineficácia dos tratamentos médicos, levando à morte por desnutrição extrema ou por complicações de tratamentos agressivos. O estudo também destaca a frustração e tratamentos indesejados causados por múltiplos ciclos de alta e retorno aos cuidados devido à falta de motivação dos pacientes. Propõe-se que o foco no aumento da qualidade de vida pode ser uma solução para este problema, destacando programas que visam a reintegração dos pacientes na sociedade e a prevenção de complicações, em vez de apenas restaurar o peso corporal, permitindo uma transição suave entre cuidados paliativos e curativos [24]. As abordagens em cuidados paliativos, no entanto, são aplicáveis em conjunto com outras terapias destinadas a prolongar a vida. Um próximo passo poderia ser envolver os usuários do serviço e desenvolver um consenso sobre o que os cuidados paliativos e seus benefícios para os pacientes com transtorne mental. Uma estrutura para identificar quais pacientes podem se beneficiar de cuidados paliativos deve ser explorada para o desenvolvimento futuro de cuidados para os pacientes [16]. O padrão de cuidados para doenças graves inclui cuidados especializados e cuidados paliativos integrados longitudinalmente; os benefícios dos cuidados paliativos para pacientes com doenças graves estão bem descritos e incluem melhoria da qualidade de vida, diminuição da carga de sintomas, aumento dos cuidados concordantes com os objetivos e apoio do cuidador [33]. Entretanto, o cuidado de pacientes psiquiátricos em fim de vida é um desafio complexo e delicado. Muitas vezes, esses pacientes são vistos como incapazes de tomar decisões sobre seu tratamento, mesmo que possam ter capacidade para isso. Ademais, a falta de diretivas antecipadas pode levar a decisões sendo tomadas por tutores ou curadores, muitas vezes contra os desejos do paciente. Por fim, ressalta que o tratamento de pacientes psiquiátricos em fim de vida deve ser adequado e humanizado, respeitando suas necessidades e autonomia (COFFEY, Michael et al. End-of-life care for people with severe mental illness: mixed methods systematic review and thematic synthesis of published case studies (the MENLOC study) [21]. 4. CONCLUSÕES Dessa maneira a psiquiatria paliativa mostra-se de fundamental importância no acompanhamento dos pacientes e de seus familiares, auxiliando na melhora significativa da qualidade de vida. Entretanto, ainda existem muitas barreiras no cuidado dos pacientes com transtornos mentais. Ressaltamos ainda que a uma necessidade de mais estudos a respeito do tema. REFERÊNCIAS 1- World Heath Organization. Palliative care key facts. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/palliative-care. Acesso em ago de 2024. 2- Fond G, Salas S, Pauly V, et al. End-of-life care among patients with schizophrenia and cancer: a population-based cohort study from the French national hospital database. Lancet Public Health 2019; 4: e583–91. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30187-2. 3- Trachsel, M., Irwin, S. 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BMC Palliat Care. 2023 Mar 30;22(1):31. DOI: 10.1186/s12904-023-01152-1. 8- Takatori Mylena Miuki Ogatha, Rigo Rosangela Silva. Cuidados paliativos e esquizofrenia: uma reflexão sobre a dificuldade do cuidado paliativo em doentes com esquizofrenia. Research, Society and Development, v. 12, n. 5, e0512541427, 2023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i5.41427. 9- McNamara B, Same A, Rosenwax L, Kelly B. Palliative care for people with schizophrenia: a qualitative study of an under-serviced group in need. BMC Palliative Care, 2018 17: 53. DOI: 10.1186/s12904-018-0309-1. 10- Rodgers M, Dalton J, Harden M, et al. Integrated care to address the physical health needs of people with severe mental illness: a mapping review of the recent evidence on barriers, facilitators and evaluations. Int J Integr Care; 18: 9, 2018. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.2605. 11- Sheridan Ann Josephine. Palliative care for people with serious mental illnesses. Disponível em: www.thelancet.com/public-health. 4, e544, 2019. 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